28.12.2. Topography

Try these first

1. 1.

   What is the ridge effect?

   Hint

   Think about how hills might direct waves.

2. 2.

   How do valleys affect seismic waves?

   Hint

   Consider what happens to waves in a confined space.

3. 3.

   What does the ridge effect describe?

   • A decrease in shaking
   • Increased shaking due to elevation
   • No change in shaking

   Hint

   Think about how hills or ridges compare to flat areas.

4. 4.

   True or False: Valleys can amplify seismic waves.

   • True
   • False

   Hint

   Consider what happens inside a confined space.

5. 5.

   Explain how you would assess the seismic risk of buildings in a hilly urban area versus a flat urban area.

   Hint

   Consider both the geological structure and building types in different landscapes.

6. 6.

   Design an earthquake preparedness plan for a city located in a valley and surrounded by hills. Include specific recommendations based on the topography.

   Hint

   How do the unique landscape features affect both risk and preparedness?