Hydrology & Water Resources Engineering - Vol 3 | 51. Drainage of Irrigated Lands – Necessity, Methods by Abraham | Learn Smarter
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51. Drainage of Irrigated Lands – Necessity, Methods

51. Drainage of Irrigated Lands – Necessity, Methods

Drainage of irrigated lands is essential for sustainable agriculture and water management, addressing issues like waterlogging, soil salinity, and crop yield reduction. Effective drainage systems are necessary to protect soil health, civil structures, and enhance agricultural productivity. Various drainage methods and factors influencing their design are explored to ensure long-term effectiveness and minimal environmental impact.

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  1. 51
    Drainage Of Irrigated Lands – Necessity, Methods

    Drainage of irrigated lands is crucial to avoid waterlogging and salinity,...

  2. 51.1
    Necessity Of Drainage In Irrigated Lands

    Drainage of irrigated lands is crucial for preventing waterlogging,...

  3. 51.1.1
    Prevention Of Waterlogging

    Waterlogging is a detrimental condition in irrigated lands that can be...

  4. 51.1.2
    Control Of Salinity And Alkalinity

    This section discusses the importance of managing salinity and alkalinity in...

  5. 51.1.3
    Maintenance Of Soil Structure And Aeration

    Efficient drainage in agriculture prevents waterlogging and maintains soil...

  6. 51.1.4
    Protection Of Civil Structures And Infrastructure

    This section emphasizes the importance of proper drainage systems to protect...

  7. 51.1.5
    Increasing Crop Yield And Diversity

    Well-drained fields enhance crop production and biodiversity, allowing for...

  8. 51.2
    Classification Of Drainage Systems

    This section classifies drainage systems into surface and subsurface types,...

  9. 51.2.1
    Surface Drainage Systems

    Surface drainage systems are crucial for removing excess water from...

  10. 51.2.1.a
    Random Drainage

    Random drainage systems are designed to effectively remove excess surface...

  11. 51.2.1.b
    Parallel Or Bed Drainage

    Parallel or bed drainage involves the construction of shallow, regularly...

  12. 51.2.1.c
    Cross-Slope Drainage

    Cross-slope drainage is essential for managing water on sloped lands by...

  13. 51.2.2
    Subsurface Drainage Systems

    This section discusses subsurface drainage systems, their types, and...

  14. 51.2.2.a
    Tile Or Pipe Drainage

    Tile or pipe drainage systems are essential for managing excess soil...

  15. 51.2.2.b
    Mole Drainage

    Mole drainage involves creating unlined channels in clay soils to enhance...

  16. 51.2.2.c
    Vertical Drainage (Tube Wells)

    Vertical drainage systems, or tube wells, effectively pump groundwater to...

  17. 51.3
    Components Of A Drainage System

    The section outlines the essential components of a drainage system used in...

  18. 51.3.1
    Field Drains

    Field drains are essential components of agricultural drainage systems that...

  19. 51.3.2
    Collector Drains

    Collector drains are crucial components in drainage systems, facilitating...

  20. 51.3.3

    Main drains are essential components of a drainage system, responsible for...

  21. 51.3.4

    Outlets are critical components of drainage systems, facilitating the safe...

  22. 51.4
    Factors Affecting The Design Of Drainage Systems

    Drainage system design is influenced by factors such as soil type,...

  23. 51.4.1
    Soil Type And Permeability

    This section discusses how soil type and permeability affect drainage system...

  24. 51.4.2

    Topography significantly influences the design and effectiveness of drainage...

  25. 51.4.3
    Crop Type And Root Depth

    The design of drainage systems is significantly influenced by crop types and...

  26. 51.4.4
    Rainfall And Irrigation Intensity

    The section discusses how rainfall and irrigation intensity impact the...

  27. 51.4.5
    Water Table Level

    Water table level is critical in determining the design and effectiveness of...

  28. 51.4.6
    Salinity Levels

    Salinity levels in irrigated lands can severely affect crop yields and soil...

  29. 51.5
    Methods Of Field Drainage

    This section outlines various methods for effectively draining irrigated...

  30. 51.5.1
    Surface Drainage Methods

    Surface drainage methods are essential techniques for alleviating excess...

  31. 51.5.1.a
    Open Ditches

    This section discusses open ditches as a method for surface drainage in...

  32. 51.5.1.b
    Land Grading

    Land grading is a crucial surface drainage method that involves reshaping...

  33. 51.5.1.c
    Bedding Systems

    Bedding systems involve creating raised beds for crops with furrows in...

  34. 51.5.2
    Subsurface Drainage Methods

    Subsurface drainage methods are essential for managing excessive water in...

  35. 51.5.2.a
    Pipe Drainage (Tile Drainage)

    This section focuses on pipe drainage, a subsurface drainage method that...

  36. 51.5.2.a.i
    Depth And Spacing

    This section discusses the depth and spacing of subsurface drainage systems,...

  37. 51.5.2.a.ii
    Layout Types

    This section covers the different layout types of subsurface drainage systems.

  38. 51.5.2.a.iii

    This section explores various methodologies for field drainage in irrigated...

  39. 51.5.2.b
    Vertical Drainage (Deep Wells)

    Vertical drainage, using deep wells, is a method for maintaining lower water...

  40. 51.5.2.c
    Mole Drainage

    Mole drainage involves creating unlined channels in clay soils to...

  41. 51.6
    Drainage Water Disposal Methods

    This section discusses various methods for the proper disposal of drainage...

  42. 51.6.1
    Natural Water Bodies

    This section discusses the methods for disposing of drainage water via...

  43. 51.6.2
    Evaporation Ponds

    Evaporation ponds are crucial for the disposal of saline water, especially...

  44. 51.6.3
    Reuse For Irrigation

    Reuse of drainage water for irrigation can enhance water conservation and...

  45. 51.6.4
    Drainage Wells

    Drainage wells are essential for managing excess water in irrigated lands,...

  46. 51.7
    Maintenance Of Drainage Systems

    Regular maintenance of drainage systems is vital to enhance their efficiency...

  47. 51.7.1
    Desilting And De-Weeding Of Open Drains

    This section emphasizes the importance of regular desilting and de-weeding...

  48. 51.7.2
    Inspection And Repair Of Tile Outlets And Junctions

    This section highlights the importance of regular inspection and maintenance...

  49. 51.7.3
    Monitoring Water Table Levels

    Monitoring water table levels is crucial for maintaining efficient drainage...

  50. 51.7.4
    Cleaning Silt Traps And Screen Intakes

    Cleaning silt traps and screen intakes is crucial for maintaining drainage...

  51. 51.7.5
    Checking Pipe Gradients And Blockages

    Proper maintenance of drainage systems involves regular checks on pipe...

  52. 51.8
    Environmental Considerations

    This section discusses the environmental impacts of drainage systems on...

  53. 51.8.1
    Soil Erosion Due To High-Velocity Surface Drains

    This section discusses the environmental impacts of drainage systems,...

  54. 51.8.2
    Loss Of Wetlands And Associated Biodiversity

    This section examines the detrimental effects of drainage on wetlands and...

  55. 51.8.3
    Contamination Of Water Bodies With Agrochemicals

    This section discusses the concerns surrounding the contamination of water...

  56. 51.8.4
    Subsidence Due To Excessive Groundwater Withdrawal

    Excessive groundwater withdrawal can lead to subsidence, which is the...

  57. 51.8.5
    Environmental Safeguards

    This section discusses the environmental impacts of drainage and emphasizes...

What we have learnt

  • Drainage prevents waterlogging, which can stunt plant growth and cause crop failure.
  • Proper drainage controls soil salinity and alkalinity, enhancing agricultural productivity.
  • Various drainage methods exist, including surface and subsurface systems, each suited to different soil and environmental conditions.

Key Concepts

-- Waterlogging
Condition where excess irrigation water saturates the soil, reducing oxygen availability to plant roots.
-- Salinization
The accumulation of salts in the soil, often exacerbated by inadequate drainage in arid areas.
-- Surface Drainage Systems
Systems designed to remove excess water from the land surface through methods like ditches and land grading.
-- Subsurface Drainage Systems
Drainage systems, often using perforated pipes, that remove water from below the soil surface.
-- Drainage Water Disposal Methods
Techniques for safely disposing of drained water, such as discharging into natural water bodies or evaporation ponds.

Additional Learning Materials

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