CBSE Grade-12 Biology | 12. Ecosystem by Pavan | Learn Smarter
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12. Ecosystem

Ecosystems are characterized as functional units where living organisms interact with each other and their physical environment. They can be divided into terrestrial and aquatic categories, comprising distinct components that include producers, consumers, and decomposers. Four key processes define functionality: productivity, decomposition, energy flow, and nutrient cycling.

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Sections

  • 12

    Ecosystem

    An ecosystem is a functional unit where living organisms interact with each other and their physical environment.

    Learning Practice

  • 12.1

    Ecosystem–structure And Function

    An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature featuring the interaction of living organisms with each other and their physical environment.

    Learning Practice

  • 12.2

    Productivity

    Productivity in ecosystems is determined by the rate of biomass production from photosynthesis, classified into gross and net primary productivity.

    Learning Practice

  • 12.3

    Decomposition

    Decomposition is the vital process in ecosystems that recycles nutrients by breaking down complex organic matter into simpler substances.

    Learning Practice

  • 12.4

    Energy Flow

    The section discusses the flow of solar energy through ecosystems, emphasizing the roles of producers and consumers in energy transfer.

    Learning Practice

  • 12.5

    Ecological Pyramids

    Ecological pyramids illustrate the relationships of numbers, biomass, and energy flow at various trophic levels in ecosystems.

    Learning Practice

  • 12.6

    Summary

    An ecosystem is a complex unit comprising biotic and abiotic components, crucial for understanding productivity, decomposition, energy flow, and nutrient cycling.

    Learning Practice

  • 12.7

    Exercises

    This section provides a variety of exercises designed to reinforce understanding of ecosystems.

    Learning Practice

References

NCERT Study Material

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • An ecosystem comprises abio...
  • Productivity is the generat...
  • Decomposition is the breakd...

Final Test

Revision Tests