Civil Engineering Materials, Testing & Evaluation - Vol 1 | 5. Aggregates – Properties, Grading, Testing by Abraham | Learn Smarter
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5. Aggregates – Properties, Grading, Testing

5. Aggregates – Properties, Grading, Testing

Aggregates play a crucial role in construction, affecting the strength, durability, and workability of concrete. Their classification, properties, grading, and testing methods are essential for civil engineers to ensure quality and performance in concrete structures. An understanding of both natural and recycled aggregates, along with their physical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics, contributes to more sustainable construction practices.

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  1. 5
    Aggregates – Properties, Grading, Testing

    This section covers the classification, properties, grading, and testing of...

  2. 5.1
    Classification Of Aggregates

    This section classifies aggregates based on size, origin, shape, and...

  3. 5.1.A
    Based On Size

    This section classifies aggregates based on size into fine and coarse...

  4. 5.1.A.1
    Fine Aggregates

    Fine aggregates are essential constituents of concrete, influencing its...

  5. 5.1.A.2
    Coarse Aggregates

    Coarse aggregates, primarily gravel and crushed stone, play a crucial role...

  6. 5.1.B
    Based On Origin

    This section categorizes aggregates based on their origin, detailing...

  7. 5.1.B.1
    Natural Aggregates

    Natural aggregates are essential components in concrete, sourced from nature...

  8. 5.1.B.2
    Artificial Aggregates

    Artificial aggregates are materials manufactured for use in construction,...

  9. 5.1.B.3
    Recycled Aggregates

    Recycled aggregates are materials derived from demolished concrete and...

  10. 5.1.C
    Based On Shape

    This section discusses the classification of aggregates based on their...

  11. 5.1.C.1
    Rounded Aggregates

    Rounded aggregates are naturally weathered and smooth materials, typically...

  12. 5.1.C.2
    Irregular Aggregates

    Irregular aggregates are partially shaped materials that enhance bond...

  13. 5.1.C.3
    Angular Aggregates

    Angular aggregates are rough, sharp-edged materials crucial for...

  14. 5.1.C.4
    Flaky And Elongated Aggregates

    Flaky and elongated aggregates are undesirable in concrete due to their poor...

  15. 5.1.D
    Based On Density

    This section categorizes aggregates based on their density, highlighting the...

  16. 5.1.D.1
    Normal Weight Aggregates

    Normal weight aggregates are inert materials used in concrete, typically...

  17. 5.1.D.2
    Lightweight Aggregates

    Lightweight aggregates are materials with a density of less than 1120 kg/m³,...

  18. 5.1.D.3
    Heavyweight Aggregates

    Heavyweight aggregates are materials with a density greater than 2000 kg/m³,...

  19. 5.2
    Properties Of Aggregates

    This section covers the essential physical, mechanical, thermal, and...

  20. 5.2.1
    Physical Properties

    This section discusses the physical properties of aggregates, which are...

  21. 5.2.1.1
    Size And Shape

    The size and shape of aggregates play a critical role in affecting the...

  22. 5.2.1.2
    Surface Texture

    Surface texture of aggregates significantly impacts the strength and bonding...

  23. 5.2.1.3
    Specific Gravity

    Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a specific volume of...

  24. 5.2.1.4
    Water Absorption

    Water absorption refers to the ability of aggregate materials to absorb...

  25. 5.2.1.5
    Moisture Content

    Moisture content in aggregates refers to the total water present, which...

  26. 5.2.1.6
    Bulk Density

    Bulk Density refers to the weight of aggregate per unit volume and is...

  27. 5.2.1.7
    Voids Content

    The voids content refers to the percentage of space between aggregate...

  28. 5.2.2
    Mechanical Properties

    This section outlines the mechanical properties of aggregates, including...

  29. 5.2.2.1
    Crushing Strength (Aggregate Crushing Value - Acv)

    The Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) is a measure of an aggregate's resistance...

  30. 5.2.2.2
    Impact Strength (Aggregate Impact Value - Aiv)

    The Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) measures the resistance of aggregates to...

  31. 5.2.2.3
    Abrasion Resistance (Los Angeles Abrasion Value - Laav)

    The Los Angeles Abrasion Value (LAAV) is a critical measure of an...

  32. 5.2.2.4
    Ten Percent Fines Value

    The Ten Percent Fines Value represents the load required to create fines...

  33. 5.2.3
    Thermal And Chemical Properties

    This section outlines the essential thermal and chemical properties of...

  34. 5.2.3.1
    Thermal Expansion

    This section discusses the thermal expansion of aggregates and its...

  35. 5.2.3.2
    Chemical Stability

    Chemical stability in aggregates is crucial to resist adverse chemical...

  36. 5.2.3.3

    Soundness refers to the ability of aggregates to resist weathering effects,...

  37. 5.3
    Grading Of Aggregates

    Grading of aggregates involves understanding the distribution of particle...

  38. 5.3.1
    Objectives Of Good Grading

    Good grading of aggregates aims to optimize concrete's performance by...

  39. 5.3.2
    Types Of Grading

    This section discusses the different types of grading for aggregates,...

  40. 5.3.2.1
    Uniform Grading

    Uniform grading consists of aggregates of similar sizes and results in...

  41. 5.3.2.2

    Gap grading refers to a type of aggregate grading where specific...

  42. 5.3.2.3

    The section discusses the concept of well-graded aggregates and their...

  43. 5.3.3
    Grading Limits And Zones

    This section discusses the classification of fine aggregates into four...

  44. 5.4
    Testing Of Aggregates

    This section discusses various testing methods used to evaluate the...

  45. 5.4.1
    Sieve Analysis

    Sieve analysis is a method used to determine the particle size distribution...

  46. 5.4.2
    Specific Gravity And Water Absorption (Is 2386 Part Iii)

    This section describes the testing methods for determining the specific...

  47. 5.4.3
    Aggregate Crushing Value Test (Is 2386 Part Iv)

    The Aggregate Crushing Value Test measures the resistance of aggregates to...

  48. 5.4.4
    Aggregate Impact Value Test

    The Aggregate Impact Value Test measures the resistance of aggregate samples...

  49. 5.4.5
    Los Angeles Abrasion Test (Is 2386 Part Iv)

    The Los Angeles Abrasion Test assesses the abrasion resistance of aggregates...

  50. 5.4.6
    Flakiness And Elongation Index Test

    The Flakiness and Elongation Index Test measures the shape characteristics...

  51. 5.4.7
    Soundness Test

    The Soundness Test evaluates the ability of aggregates to withstand...

  52. 5.4.8
    Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity Test

    The Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity Test evaluates the potential for aggregates...

  53. 5.4.9
    Bulk Density And Voids

    This section covers the concept of bulk density and voids in aggregates,...

  54. 5.4.10
    Moisture Content Test

    The Moisture Content Test determines the water present in aggregates,...

  55. 5.4.10.1
    Oven Drying Method

    The Oven Drying Method is a laboratory technique used to determine moisture...

  56. 5.4.10.2
    Calcium Carbide Method

    The Calcium Carbide Method is a quick testing technique to determine...

  57. 5.4.10.3
    Infrared/microwave Method

    The section discusses the Infrared/Microwave Method used for determining the...

  58. 5.4.11
    Deleterious Materials Test (Is 2386 Part Ii)

    The Deleterious Materials Test identifies harmful substances in aggregates...

  59. 5.4.12
    Alkali-Silica Reactivity (Asr) Test

    The ASR Test evaluates the long-term chemical reactions between alkalis in...

  60. 5.4.13
    Petrographic Examination (Is 2386 Part Viii)

    The Petrographic Examination assesses the mineral composition and texture of...

  61. 5.5
    Field Considerations And Storage Of Aggregates

    This section discusses the critical considerations in handling, storing, and...

  62. 5.5.1
    Aggregate Handling

    Aggregate handling is critical to prevent segregation and contamination...

  63. 5.5.2
    Storage Of Aggregates

    This section outlines best practices for storing aggregates to maintain...

  64. 5.5.3
    Batching And Mixing Considerations

    Batching and mixing considerations focus on the importance of aggregate...

  65. 5.6
    Use Of Recycled And Alternative Aggregates

    This section discusses the use of recycled and alternative aggregates in...

  66. 5.6.1
    Recycled Aggregates

    Recycled aggregates are derived from construction waste and offer...

  67. 5.6.2
    Manufactured Sand (M-Sand)

    Manufactured sand (M-sand) is created by crushing rocks to produce fine...

  68. 5.6.3
    Lightweight Aggregates

    Lightweight aggregates are materials used in construction that have a lower...

  69. 5.6.4
    Heavyweight Aggregates

    Heavyweight aggregates are used in construction primarily for radiation shielding.

What we have learnt

  • Aggregates constitute 70%-80% of concrete volume, influencing its properties significantly.
  • Different classifications of aggregates, such as by size, origin, and shape, have distinct implications on their use in construction.
  • Testing and grading of aggregates are vital to guarantee structural integrity and performance in concrete.

Key Concepts

-- Fine Aggregates
Particles that pass through a 4.75 mm sieve and are retained on a 75-micron sieve, commonly sand.
-- Coarse Aggregates
Particles that are retained on a 4.75 mm sieve, typically gravel or crushed stone.
-- Specific Gravity
The ratio of the weight of a volume of aggregate to the weight of an equal volume of water, crucial for calculating mix designs.
-- Grading
The distribution of different sizes of particles in an aggregate sample, important for optimizing concrete mix.
-- Water Absorption
The ability of aggregates to take in water, influencing the water-cement ratio in concrete mixes.
-- AlkaliSilica Reactivity (ASR)
A chemical reaction between alkalies in cement and reactive silica in aggregates that can cause expansion and cracking.

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