Civil Engineering Materials, Testing & Evaluation - Vol 1 | 4. Cement – Chemical Composition, Hydration, and Physical Tests by Abraham | Learn Smarter
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4. Cement – Chemical Composition, Hydration, and Physical Tests

4. Cement – Chemical Composition, Hydration, and Physical Tests

Cement plays a pivotal role in construction as an essential binding material, primarily influencing the strength and durability of concrete structures through its chemical composition and hydration process. Key aspects include the identification of major compounds such as tricalcium silicate and their roles in strength development, the crucial stages of hydration leading to hardened mass, and a range of physical tests ensuring cement quality. Various types of cement are available to cater to specific construction needs and environmental conditions.

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  1. 4
    Cement – Chemical Composition, Hydration, And Physical Tests

    This section outlines the chemical composition of cement, the hydration...

  2. 4.1
    Chemical Composition Of Cement

    This section describes the key chemical components of Ordinary Portland...

  3. 4.1.1
    Major Compounds In Cement (Bogue’s Compounds)

    This section introduces the major compounds in Ordinary Portland Cement and...

  4. 4.1.2
    Minor Constituents In Cement

    This section discusses minor constituents in cement, focusing on their...

  5. 4.2
    Hydration Of Cement

    The hydration of cement is a crucial exothermic chemical reaction between...

  6. 4.2.1
    Stages Of Hydration

    This section outlines the four key stages of cement hydration, detailing the...

  7. 4.2.2
    Hydration Products

    Hydration products are key compounds formed when cement reacts with water,...

  8. 4.2.3
    Heat Of Hydration

    The heat of hydration is the exothermic heat released during the hydration...

  9. 4.3
    Physical Tests On Cement

    Physical tests on cement are crucial for evaluating its suitability for construction.

  10. 4.3.1
    Fineness Test

    The Fineness Test measures the particle size of cement, which affects...

  11. 4.3.2
    Standard Consistency Test

    The Standard Consistency Test evaluates the amount of water needed to...

  12. 4.3.3
    Setting Time Test

    The setting time test measures the time it takes for cement to set after...

  13. 4.3.4
    Soundness Test

    The soundness test evaluates the volume stability of cement after it has...

  14. 4.3.5
    Compressive Strength Test

    The compressive strength test measures the ability of cement mortar to...

  15. 4.3.6
    Specific Gravity Test

    The Specific Gravity Test measures the density of Ordinary Portland Cement...

  16. 4.3.7
    Heat Of Hydration Test

    The heat of hydration test measures the total heat released during the...

  17. 4.4
    Storage And Handling Of Cement

    Proper storage and handling of cement are critical due to its hygroscopic...

  18. 4.4.1
    Storage Guidelines

    Proper storage and handling of cement are essential to prevent moisture...

  19. 4.4.2
    Effects Of Prolonged Storage

    Prolonged storage of cement leads to various negative effects, including...

  20. 4.5
    Deterioration Mechanisms In Cement-Based Materials

    The section discusses the main deterioration mechanisms affecting...

  21. 4.5.1
    Sulfate Attack

    Sulfate attack is the degradation process in cement-based materials caused...

  22. 4.5.2
    Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (Aar)

    The Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (AAR) is a detrimental reaction between...

  23. 4.5.3

    Carbonation refers to the chemical reaction between atmospheric CO₂ and...

  24. 4.6
    Special And Advanced Tests On Cement

    This section discusses specialized testing methods for cement used to assess...

  25. 4.6.1
    X-Ray Diffraction (Xrd)

    X-ray Diffraction (XRD) is a key analysis technique used in cement studies...

  26. 4.6.2
    Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem)

    This section introduces Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), detailing its...

  27. 4.6.3
    Differential Thermal Analysis (Dta)

    Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) is a technique used to monitor heat...

  28. 4.6.4
    Isothermal Calorimetry

    Isothermal calorimetry is a technique used to measure the heat flow...

  29. 4.7
    Types Of Cement (As Per Composition And Application)

    This section discusses various types of cement based on their composition...

  30. 4.7.1
    Ordinary Portland Cement (Opc)

    Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is a widely used type of cement essential for...

  31. 4.7.2
    Portland Pozzolana Cement (Ppc)

    Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) incorporates pozzolanic materials such as...

  32. 4.7.3
    Portland Slag Cement (Psc)

    Portland Slag Cement (PSC) is a type of cement that incorporates granulated...

  33. 4.7.4
    Rapid Hardening Cement

    Rapid Hardening Cement features high C₃S content, allowing it to achieve...

  34. 4.7.5
    Low Heat Cement

    Low heat cement is specifically designed to generate less heat during...

  35. 4.7.6
    Sulfate Resisting Cement

    Sulfate resisting cement is formulated to resist sulfate attack,...

  36. 4.7.7
    White Cement

    White cement is a type of cement characterized by its low iron and manganese...

  37. 4.7.8
    Hydrophobic Cement

    Hydrophobic cement contains water-repellent additives, allowing it to resist...

  38. 4.8
    International Standards And Codes For Cement

    This section discusses the international standards and codes governing...

What we have learnt

  • Cement is crucial for binding aggregates in concrete, significantly impacting workability and long-term strength.
  • Hydration is a chemical reaction essential for developing the hardened state of cement, characterized by distinct stages.
  • Physical tests are vital for assessing cement quality, including fineness, setting times, and compressive strength.

Key Concepts

-- Hydration
The chemical reaction between cement and water forming a hardened mass, crucial for strength development.
-- Bogue's Compounds
Major chemical compounds in cement, including tricalcium and dicalcium silicates, influencing properties like early strength and durability.
-- Heat of Hydration
The heat released during the hydration process, significant for mass concrete applications to avoid thermal cracking.
-- Sulfate Attack
A degradation mechanism where external sulfates react with cement compounds, leading to expansion and cracking.
-- Fineness Test
A physical test measuring the particle size of cement, which affects the rate of hydration and strength development.

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