Civil Engineering Materials, Testing & Evaluation - Vol 1 | 6. Water – Requirements and Impurities by Abraham | Learn Smarter
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6. Water – Requirements and Impurities

6. Water – Requirements and Impurities

Water is integral to construction, influencing hydration, workability, and curing of concrete. Not all water is suitable; impurities can adversely affect material quality, durability, and strength. The chapter addresses necessary water requirements for construction, effects of impurities, acceptable limits, testing methods, and sustainable practices.

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  1. 6
    Water – Requirements And Impurities

    This section highlights the critical role of water in construction,...

  2. 6.1
    Requirements Of Water For Construction

    Water is critical for construction, but it must be free from impurities to...

  3. 6.1.1
    For Mixing Concrete

    This section outlines the specific requirements and quality standards of...

  4. 6.1.2
    For Curing Concrete

    Curing water is essential for maintaining moisture in concrete to facilitate...

  5. 6.1.3
    For Cleaning Construction Equipment

    Water used for cleaning construction equipment must be free from...

  6. 6.2
    Effects Of Impurities In Water

    Impurities in water negatively impact the quality and durability of concrete...

  7. 6.2.1
    Effect On Setting Time

    Impurities in water used for construction can significantly affect the...

  8. 6.2.2
    Effect On Strength

    This section discusses how impurities in water, particularly chlorides and...

  9. 6.2.3
    Effect On Reinforcement Steel

    The presence of impurities in water can lead to significant detrimental...

  10. 6.2.4
    Effect On Durability

    The durability of concrete and structures can be severely impacted by...

  11. 6.3
    Common Impurities Found In Water

    This section outlines the common impurities found in water that can...

  12. 6.3.1
    Suspended Solids

    Suspended solids in water, such as clay and organic matter, can negatively...

  13. 6.3.2
    Dissolved Solids

    Dissolved solids in water, such as salts and minerals, can significantly...

  14. 6.3.3
    Organic Matter

    Organic matter in water can negatively impact the hydration and strength of...

  15. 6.3.4
    Oils And Greases

    Oils and greases in water can severely inhibit bonding in concrete and...

  16. 6.3.5
    Acids And Alkalis

    This section discusses the impact of acids and alkalis on the durability and...

  17. 6.4
    Acceptable Limits For Impurities

    This section outlines the permissible limits for various impurities in water...

  18. 6.5
    Testing Of Water For Construction Use

    This section discusses the testing methods to determine the suitability of...

  19. 6.5.1

    The pH test determines the acidity or alkalinity of water, essential for...

  20. 6.5.2
    Chemical Analysis

    Chemical analysis is essential to assess the quality of water for...

  21. 6.5.3
    Setting Time Comparison Test

    The Setting Time Comparison Test assesses the impact of using different...

  22. 6.5.4
    Compressive Strength Test

    The Compressive Strength Test evaluates the strength of concrete made with...

  23. 6.6
    Sources Of Water And Their Suitability

    This section discusses different sources of water used in construction and...

  24. 6.6.1
    Tap Water (Municipal Supply)

    Tap water is generally suitable for construction but requires testing for...

  25. 6.6.2
    Groundwater (Wells And Borewells)

    This section discusses groundwater sources such as wells and borewells and...

  26. 6.6.3
    River And Surface Water

    River and surface water may have various impurities affecting their...

  27. 6.6.4

    Sea water is generally unsuitable for concrete use, particularly reinforced...

  28. 6.7
    Treatment Methods For Impure Water

    This section discusses various treatment methods necessary to purify impure...

  29. 6.7.1

    Filtration is a crucial treatment method to improve water quality by...

  30. 6.7.2
    Neutralization

    Neutralization in this context refers to the treatment of acid and alkaline...

  31. 6.7.3
    Distillation Or Reverse Osmosis

    This section discusses the treatment methods of distillation and reverse...

  32. 6.7.4
    Aeration And Settling

    Aeration and settling are crucial treatment methods that improve water...

  33. 6.8
    Practical Considerations In Construction Projects

    This section addresses the challenges and best practices regarding water...

  34. 6.8.1
    Water Availability At Site

    This section discusses the importance of water availability at construction...

  35. 6.8.2
    Storage And Handling Of Water

    In this section, we discuss the best practices for storing and handling...

  36. 6.8.3
    Water Use In Different Weather Conditions

    This section discusses how weather conditions impact the requirements for...

  37. 6.9
    Is Codes And International Standards

    This section outlines the importance of adhering to IS Codes and...

  38. 6.9.1
    Indian Standards (Is)

    This section discusses the Indian Standards (IS) related to the quality of...

  39. 6.9.2
    International Standards

    This section outlines key international standards related to the use of...

  40. 6.10
    Case Studies Of Water-Related Failures

    This section presents two case studies that highlight water-related failures...

  41. 6.11
    Environmental And Sustainability Aspects

    This section discusses eco-friendly practices in water use for construction,...

  42. 6.11.1
    Recycled Water Use

    Revised water sources, particularly treated greywater, can be effectively...

  43. 6.11.2
    Rainwater Harvesting

    Rainwater harvesting involves collecting and storing rainwater for use,...

  44. 6.11.3
    Water Footprint Of Concrete

    The water footprint of concrete refers to the amount of water required to...

  45. 6.12
    Field Guidelines For Engineers And Supervisors

    Engineers and supervisors should adhere to specific guidelines regarding...

What we have learnt

  • Water used in construction must be free of impurities to ensure quality and strength.
  • Different types of water have varying suitability based on local sources and required tests.
  • Sustainable practices include the use of recycled and harvested rainwater to reduce environmental impact.

Key Concepts

-- Impurities in Water
Substances such as salts, organic matter, and chemicals in water that can adversely affect concrete quality.
-- Testing Methods
Procedures to assess water quality, including pH testing, chemical analysis, and strength comparison tests.
-- Recycled Water Use
Utilization of treated greywater or wastewater in construction, complying with safety standards for non-structural applications.

Additional Learning Materials

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