On the other hand, we have external one which we cannot less control, is an exogenous variable. What are they? External variables is considered in this double structure of vulnerability as exposure. So, exposure to what, some shock or some events like it depends on what kind of shocks, is it natural phenomena or some epidemics or not merely a kind of special exposure but how defenseless like I am for that one. It also defined the social and institutional structure, features of that one that also bring individuals in a particular exposure of threat and like if I am an outcast, I have less networks, it actually increase my exposure to a hazard, to a threat, to a risk.

So, double structure of vulnerability, two components; one is the exposure one and this exposure one according to Bohle that we can understand this exposure context from 3 different dimensions. One is human ecological perspective, population dynamics, capacity to manage the environment, population growth, and how human ecology is looking at population growth and the capacity to manage the environment. And also the entitlement theory, the capacity theory and that the people have for control and to get to secure the means of their economic needs. And also the political-economic approach like the question of inequalities or disparities of assets, the power structures. So, these issues, these approaches should be considered when we are talking about exposure.

Well to understand people's coping, we can also borrow the ideas from crisis and conflict kind of studies, who have the access to assets and resources and how it matter of conflict between individuals and groups or maybe sometimes action theory approaches, how people act, react frequently as a result of social-economic and governmental constraints and model access to assets like a mitigation of vulnerability through access.

There is another more prominent and very popular conceptual idea of vulnerability is the sustainable livelihood framework. It is not really on vulnerability, but they are one of the pioneering approach that define and quoted the vulnerability and which was now very regularly used in disaster risk and other risk management. So, this idea came originally developed by famous person Robert Chambers and Conway in 1992, quite long back. Well, they are talking about poverty issues and livelihood issues and which was this model was later on adopted by the DFID Department for international development.

Their focus is like one poor people and their livelihood. When they are talking about vulnerability, it did not came from, did not come from the disaster perspective, but they are talking defining poor people and their livelihood in case of development and people at the center of their model. People should be put into the center of the development and vulnerability is considered as a kind of shock or a kind of trend or seasonality that influence the capacity of the people to maintain their livelihood.

So, vulnerability is directly connected with people's livelihood and their capacity to manage their livelihood basically. And two major components here, one is the sustainability, and livelihood. So, a livelihood becomes sustainable in different conditions or a livelihood should be considered as sustainable. When? Let us look. When it is resilient to face any kind of external shocks like natural disasters or epidemics that they can absorb this shock, they can bounce back, they will not finish. Then, one can say that this livelihood or these people are not at risk, they are not vulnerable. Also, someone's livelihood should not depend on external agencies, external support.

So according to this model, people are actually operating, you know they are working in a context of vulnerability. What is the context of vulnerability? So, vulnerability context is defined with 3 characteristics that people are at vulnerable because shock, trends, and seasonality.

So what are the shocks? One is the natural shocks like flood, drought, and cyclone. And health shocks like epidemic like cholera or even dengue let us say, or economic shocks like some financial recessions or maybe death in the family for a household or maybe violence like civil war in case of Syria or in many other countries in case of Sri Lanka when they were in civil war or in case of Bosnia. So, people who are at civil war that really put the individuals as a vulnerable and violence and civil unrest. These are all considered to be shocks that are increasing that under which people are living in a vulnerable context.

Another one is the seasonality and seasonal shift in price like the price of the crops of the food for the agricultural labor or the productions because of production is low or high, because of climate change maybe the production is not so high this year. Or maybe the food availability or employment opportunity, how many days I have employment opportunity in a particular season, maybe in winter I do not have any job in as agricultural labor because nobody is harvesting this time and we have better job during rainy days. And trends and changes like the population, if the population is increasing rapidly, then also it could be a threat or putting people into vulnerable context. Also, in case of some countries like in case of Japan or in case of many European countries, there is a question about the populations. There are only few people, young people in any community. So, it can also increase the vulnerability of that community. Environmental change or some technological changes, market and trades, globalization, and government and policies like some governments are stable, some governments are not stable. So, if the political situation is in a turmoil that will of course increase people's vulnerability.

So, 3 conditions are important to define people's direct vulnerable context. One is the shock, trend and seasonality. Now, this vulnerability context actually, this is the poor people and is affecting their household capacity or their own individual capacity. So, they have actually different kind of capitals or capacities. One is a human capital, social capital, financial capital and physical capital.

So, now they both are interlinked, vulnerability, and capital. And also capital define that how and what extent they are vulnerable to particular shock. So, how one look into these livelihood assets or capitals? Livelihood assets we say that there are 5 capitals; human capital, social capital, physical capital, financial capital, and natural capital.

And human capital; knowledge and skill like education or good health I am capable person, nutrition I am getting enough food, nutritious food, ability to labor I can work, I can give my labor, I can adapt, in any situation, I can adapt culturally.

And social capital, of course my network, network works very well, my human networks, connections with each other or membership in a group, formal and informal. Like I can go to some club or maybe in a puja or in so any kind of formal and informal relationship defines my social capital. If I am outcasted, I am not included in any particular group then I feel that I am isolated; I have less capacity to absorb the shocks or absorb the threat.

Trust and mutual support, during emergency situations or any situations, we need to cooperate with each other and we need to trust each other because trust minimize the uncertainty so trust and mutual support between individuals in a group is very important and this is one of the social capital, and also it depends on the social capital, the rules and sanctions, social norms are there. Some people whether the people have open access to get all the opportunities to maintain their livelihood or not. In case of very hierarchical societies, the low caste people or low-class people are restricted.