Duhamel Integral

The Duhamel Integral provides a mathematical framework to assess the dynamic response of structures to arbitrary loading, especially in earthquake engineering.

Equation Of Motion For Linear Sdof System

The section outlines the equation of motion for a linear Single-Degree-Of-Freedom (SDOF) system subjected to external forces, providing insight into structural dynamics under dynamic loading.

Impulse Response Function

The impulse response function defines the output of a linear system to a unit impulse input, which is critical for deriving the Duhamel Integral in earthquake engineering.

Underdamped Case (Ζ<1)

The underdamped case of a linear single-degree-of-freedom system is characterized by oscillatory behavior with a decay in amplitude over time, described by the impulse response function derived from the damping ratio.

Derivation Of Duhamel’s Integral

The section presents the derivation of Duhamel's Integral, demonstrating how the total response of a linear time-invariant system can be computed using the impulse response and superposition.

Physical Interpretation

Duhamel’s integral encapsulates how a system’s response to dynamic loading is the weighted accumulation of past impulse responses over time.

Application To Base Excitation (Earthquake Ground Motion)

This section discusses how to apply the Duhamel Integral to analyze the response of structures subjected to earthquake ground motion as a form of base excitation.

Numerical Evaluation Of Duhamel Integral

This section discusses the numerical methods used to evaluate Duhamel's Integral in earthquake engineering.

Duhamel’s Integral For Zero Initial Conditions

This section discusses Duhamel's Integral under the assumption of zero initial conditions, a key concept in earthquake engineering for analyzing structural responses.

Advantages And Limitations

This section outlines the advantages and limitations of the Duhamel Integral in analyzing linear systems subjected to dynamic loading.

Extension To Multi-Degree-Of-Freedom (Mdof) Systems

The section discusses how Duhamel's integral can be extended to analyze multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems using modal analysis, treating each mode as an individual single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system.

Convolution Integral And System Linearity

The section explains the Duhamel integral as an application of the convolution integral for linear time-invariant systems, emphasizing the principle of superposition.

Alternative Representation Using Convolution Theorem (Laplace Domain)

This section discusses how the convolution theorem in the Laplace domain can simplify the process of calculating system responses by transforming convolution operations into multiplication.

Response Of Systems With Different Damping Levels

This section discusses how the response of systems varies based on different levels of damping, focusing on underdamped, critically damped, and overdamped systems.

Underdamped System (Ζ<1)

The underdamped system is characterized by oscillatory decay, where the impulse response function includes sine terms, indicating that the system oscillates before coming to rest.

Critically Damped System (Ζ=1)

This section discusses critically damped systems, characterized by a damping ratio (ζ) of 1, highlighting the system's rapid return to equilibrium without oscillation.

Overdamped System (Ζ>1)

An overdamped system is characterized by two exponential decay terms in its impulse response, leading to a slow return to equilibrium without oscillation.

Energy Dissipation And Duhamel Response

This section discusses how the energy dissipated due to damping during vibrations can be evaluated using the Duhamel response, focusing on the relationship between power, work done, and energy absorption.

Practical Application: Earthquake Ground Motion Records

This section discusses the implementation of Duhamel's Integral to compute the structural response from earthquake ground motion records acquired through seismographs.

Programming Implementation (Matlab/python)

This section highlights the computational implementation of the Duhamel Integral using MATLAB and Python for earthquake engineering applications.

Limitations In Earthquake Engineering Practice

This section outlines the limitations of the Duhamel Integral in earthquake engineering, including its assumptions about linearity and initial conditions.