CBSE 12 Introductory Microeconomics | 3. Production and Costs by Pavan | Learn Smarter
K12 Students

Academics

AI-Powered learning for Grades 8–12, aligned with major Indian and international curricula.

Professionals

Professional Courses

Industry-relevant training in Business, Technology, and Design to help professionals and graduates upskill for real-world careers.

Games

Interactive Games

Fun, engaging games to boost memory, math fluency, typing speed, and English skills—perfect for learners of all ages.

Typing
Memory
Math
English Adventures
Knowledge
3. Production and Costs

This chapter explores the behavior of producers, focusing on the production function and costs associated with production. It lays out the relationship between inputs used in production and the outputs produced, while also discussing the concepts of total, average, and marginal products, alongside the implications of short-run and long-run production costs. Key concepts such as diminishing marginal returns and returns to scale are also examined.

Enroll to start learning

You’ve not yet enrolled in this course. Please enroll for free to listen to audio lessons, classroom podcasts and take practice test.

Sections

  • 3

    Production And Costs

    This section examines the role of producers in transforming inputs into outputs and the costs associated with production.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.1

    Production Function

    The production function describes the relationship between inputs and the maximum output that can be produced by a firm.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.2

    The Short Run And The Long Run

    The section explains the concepts of short run and long run in production, emphasizing the variability of production factors.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.3

    Total Product, Average Product And Marginal Product

    This section explores the concepts of Total Product, Average Product, and Marginal Product, establishing their significance in understanding the production function and the contributions of variable inputs while other inputs are held constant.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.3.1

    Total Product

    Total Product defines the output generated by varying a single input while keeping others constant.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.3.2

    Average Product

    This section defines Average Product (AP) as the output per unit of a variable input, detailing its significance in the production process.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.3.3

    Marginal Product

    Marginal product refers to the additional output produced when one more unit of a variable input is added, while keeping other inputs constant.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.4

    The Law Of Diminishing Marginal Product And The Law Of Variable Proportions

    This section discusses the law of diminishing marginal product and the law of variable proportions, emphasizing their significance in production and the effects on marginal and average products as input levels change.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.5

    Shapes Of Total Product, Marginal Product And Average Product Curves

    This section presents the relationship of total product, average product, and marginal product curves, highlighting their shapes and how they interact in the production process.

    Learning

  • 3.6

    Returns To Scale

    This section introduces returns to scale, defining constant, increasing, and decreasing returns to scale and their implications for production.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.7

    Costs

    This section explores the various cost structures firms encounter during production, differentiating between fixed costs, variable costs, and overall costs.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.7.1

    Short Run Costs

    This section discusses the costs associated with production in the short run, focusing on total fixed costs, total variable costs, and the calculations involved in determining overall costs.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.7.2

    Long Run Costs

    The section outlines long run costs where all inputs are variable and no fixed costs exist, emphasizing the calculation of total, average, and marginal costs.

    Learning Practice

References

NCERT Study Material

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • Production function illustr...
  • The short run involves at l...
  • The relationship between ma...

Final Test

Revision Tests