Organic Chemistry I (Fundamentals & Functional Groups)

This section covers the fundamentals of organic chemistry, focusing on the nomenclature and classification of organic compounds, particularly functional groups.

Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds

This section introduces IUPAC nomenclature, the systematic method for naming organic compounds based on structure and functional groups.

Parts Of An Iupac Name

This section outlines the basic components of an IUPAC name, including prefixes, root names, and suffixes, to systematically identify organic compounds.

General Steps For Systematic Naming (Iupac)

The IUPAC nomenclature system provides a systematic way to name organic compounds, emphasizing the importance of identifying carbon chains and functional groups.

Priorities Of Functional Groups (For Suffix Assignment And Numbering)

This section outlines the priority order of functional groups in organic compounds important for systematic naming and suffix assignment in IUPAC nomenclature.

Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes (Hydrocarbons)

This section covers the three primary classes of hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, detailing their structures, properties, and naming conventions.

Alkanes

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons composed only of carbon and hydrogen, characterized by single C-C and C-H bonds, following the general formula CnH₂n+₂.

Alkenes

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons characterized by carbon-carbon double bonds, leading to unique reactivity and structural properties.

Alkynes

Alkynes are hydrocarbon compounds featuring carbon-carbon triple bonds and are characterized by their unique structures, properties, and chemical reactions.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine the chemical properties and reactions of organic compounds.

Haloalkanes (Alkyl Halides)

Haloalkanes, or alkyl halides, are organic compounds containing a carbon-halogen bond, exhibiting unique properties and reactivity patterns.

Alcohols

Alcohols are organic compounds characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group, which influences their properties and reactivity.

Ethers

Ethers are organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups, known for their low reactivity and utility as solvents.

Aldehydes

Aldehydes are organic compounds characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen atom and a carbon-containing group, exhibiting distinctive chemical properties.

Ketones

Ketones are organic compounds featuring a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms, characterized by their reactivity and use in various organic synthesis.

Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl (-COOH) functional group, exhibiting weak acidic properties and significant hydrogen bonding.

Esters

Esters are organic compounds formed from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, characterized by a distinct fruity smell and used in various applications.

Amines

Amines are organic compounds derived from ammonia, characterized by the presence of an amino group (-NH₂, -NHR, or -NR₂), which grants them unique chemical properties, particularly basicity.

Amides

Amides are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom, known for their stability and ability to form hydrogen bonds.

Isomerism (Structural, Geometric, Optical)

Isomerism describes the phenomenon where compounds share the same molecular formula but differ in their structural arrangements, leading to distinct physical and chemical properties.

Structural (Constitutional) Isomerism

Structural isomerism occurs when compounds share the same molecular formula but differ in the connectivity of their atoms.

Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism involves compounds with the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangements, affecting their physical and chemical properties.

Hl: Introduction To Benzene And Aromatic Compounds

Benzene, a cyclic hydrocarbon, is the archetypal aromatic compound characterized by its unique structure and stability due to delocalized electrons.

Benzene (C6h6): The Archetypal Aromatic Compound

Benzene is a unique cyclic hydrocarbon characterized by its delocalized π electron system, which grants it exceptional stability and specific reactivity patterns.

Kekulé's Postulate And Its Limitations

Kekulé's postulate proposed a cyclic structure for benzene with alternating bonds, but experimental evidence revealed significant limitations in his model.

The Delocalized Π Electron System (Modern View)

This section discusses the delocalized π electron system in benzene, explaining its structure, stability, and the significance of aromatic compounds.

Aromaticity

This section discusses the concept of aromaticity, emphasizing benzene as the archetypal aromatic compound and its unique structural and chemical properties.

Properties Of Benzene And Aromatic Compounds

Benzene is a unique aromatic compound characterized by its cyclic structure and stability due to delocalized π electrons.

Comparison With Alkenes

This section compares the structural and reactive differences between alkenes and benzene, highlighting benzene's unique stability and reaction characteristics.