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9. Rise of Communism: Russia (1917–1939)

The chapter discusses the rise of communism in Russia, highlighting the 1917 revolution that led to the establishment of the Soviet state under Lenin and Stalin. It explores the socio-political and economic transformations, including the causes of the revolution, Lenin’s New Economic Policy, Stalin's policies such as collectivization and Five-Year Plans, and the resulting impacts of communism on Russian society and economy.

Sections

Rise of Communism: Russia (1917–1939)

This section covers the major events of the Russian Revolution and the establishment of communism under Lenin and Stalin.

9 Section Overview

Start current section content and materials

9.1 Introduction

The rise of communism in Russia marked a significant political shift that established the world's first socialist state after the fall of the monarchy.

9.2 Causes of the Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was fueled by a combination of political, economic, and social issues that culminated in the overthrow of the Tsarist regime.

9.2.1 Political Causes

The political causes of the Russian Revolution stemmed from the autocratic rule of the Tsars, a lack of political freedoms, and ineffective governance.

9.2.2 Economic Causes

The economic causes of the Russian Revolution included widespread poverty, poor working conditions, and severe food shortages.

9.2.3 Social Causes

The social causes of the Russian Revolution were marked by deep inequalities and unrest among peasants, workers, and soldiers.

9.3 The Russian Revolutions of 1917

The Russian Revolutions of 1917 led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the overthrow of the Provisional Government by the Bolsheviks, marking the rise of communism in Russia.

9.3.1 February Revolution

The February Revolution resulted in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of the Provisional Government in Russia.

9.3.2 October Revolution

The October Revolution led to the overthrow of the Provisional Government by the Bolsheviks, marking a pivotal moment in the establishment of a socialist state in Russia.

9.4 Establishment of Soviet Russia

This section discusses the radical reforms introduced by the Bolsheviks that laid the foundation for Soviet Russia, including land nationalization and the withdrawal from World War I.

9.5 Lenin’s Policies and the New Economic Policy (NEP)

Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921 to revive the Soviet economy after the devastation of the civil war by allowing limited private enterprise.

9.6 Stalin’s Rise and Policies

This section outlines Joseph Stalin's rise to power and his implementation of policies such as collectivization, Five-Year Plans, and political repression in the Soviet Union.

9.6.1 Collectivization

Collectivization was a policy enforced by Stalin to consolidate individual peasant farms into large, state-controlled enterprises.

9.6.2 Five-Year Plans

The Five-Year Plans were state-directed initiatives implemented by Stalin to accelerate industrialization and economic growth in the Soviet Union.

9.6.3 Political Repression

This section discusses the mechanisms of political repression employed by Stalin to suppress dissent and maintain control over the Soviet Union.

9.7 Impact of Communism on Russia

The impact of communism on Russia led to profound social and economic transformations, marked by harsh measures and widespread repression.

Learning Objectives

  • The Russian Revolution of 1917 resulted from political, economic, and social causes.

  • Lenin's policies, including the NEP, were aimed at stabilizing the economy post-civil war.

  • Stalin's rise to power involved significant political repression and focused economic policies.

Key Concepts

Bolsheviks

The leading faction in the Russian Revolution led by Lenin that aimed to establish a socialist state.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

A policy introduced by Lenin in 1921 allowing limited private enterprise to stimulate the economy.

Collectivization

Stalin's policy of consolidating individual land and labor into collective farms, aimed at increasing agricultural production.

FiveYear Plans

State-directed economic plans introduced by Stalin for rapid industrialization in the Soviet Union.

Practice Exercises

Total Questions

2

Estimated Time

4 min

Passing Score

70%

Instructions

  • Read each question carefully
  • You can use hints if you need help
  • Complete all questions before submitting