9. Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning - Geo Informatics
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9. Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning

9. Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Laser scanning, or LiDAR, is a transformative technology in civil engineering and geospatial studies that allows for precise three-dimensional data collection. It encompasses both Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), used for expansive areas, and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), which focuses on smaller, intricate sites. The chapter elaborates on the principles, components, operational methods, data processing, and applications of these technologies, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and emerging trends.

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  1. 9
    Airborne And Terrestrial Laser Scanning

    This chapter explores Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning technologies,...

  2. 9.1
    Basics Of Laser Scanning

    Laser scanning is a technology that captures high-resolution spatial data...

  3. 9.1.1
    Definition And Concept

    Laser scanning, or LiDAR, is a method that captures high-resolution spatial...

  4. 9.1.2
    Key Terminologies

    This section defines crucial terms related to laser scanning technologies...

  5. 9.2
    Airborne Laser Scanning (Als)

    Airborne Laser Scanning employs LiDAR technology mounted on aircraft to...

  6. 9.2.1
  7. 9.2.2
    System Components

    This section outlines the key components that make up Airborne Laser...

  8. 9.2.3
    Working Principle

    The working principle of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) involves emitting...

  9. 9.2.4
    Data Acquisition Parameters

    The section outlines key data acquisition parameters fundamental to Airborne...

  10. 9.2.5
    Advantages Of Als

    Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) offers rapid data acquisition over large areas...

  11. 9.2.6
    Limitations Of Als

    Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) has various limitations that affect its...

  12. 9.3
    Terrestrial Laser Scanning (Tls)

    Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) captures high-resolution 3D data from...

  13. 9.3.1

    This section introduces Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), which captures 3D...

  14. 9.3.2
    Types Of Tls Scanners

    This section outlines the various types of Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS),...

  15. 9.3.3
    System Components
  16. 9.3.4
    Operational Workflow

    The operational workflow in Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) outlines the...

  17. 9.3.5
    Applications Of Tls

    This section discusses various applications of Terrestrial Laser Scanning...

  18. 9.3.6
    Advantages Of Tls

    Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) offers high accuracy, real-time data...

  19. 9.3.7
    Limitations Of Tls

    TLS has several limitations, such as limited range and environmental...

  20. 9.4
    Data Processing And Point Cloud Analysis

    This section introduces point cloud characteristics, preprocessing steps,...

  21. 9.4.1
    Point Cloud Characteristics

    This section describes the key features of point clouds generated by laser...

  22. 9.4.2
    Preprocessing Steps

    Preprocessing steps are essential for cleaning and preparing point cloud...

  23. 9.4.3
    Point Cloud Classification

    Point cloud classification involves segmenting features such as ground,...

  24. 9.4.4
    Generation Of Outputs

    This section outlines the various outputs generated from laser scanning...

  25. 9.5
    Comparison Between Als And Tls

    This section compares Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) and Terrestrial Laser...

  26. 9.6
    Emerging Trends In Laser Scanning

    This section addresses the latest advancements in laser scanning technology,...

  27. 9.6.1
    Mobile Laser Scanning (Mls)

    Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) utilizes vehicles or backpacks to capture...

  28. 9.6.2
    Uav-Based Laser Scanning

    UAV-based laser scanning integrates laser scanning technology with drones,...

  29. 9.6.3
    Integration With Other Technologies

    This section discusses the integration of laser scanning technologies,...

  30. 9.6.4
    Real-Time Data Acquisition And Visualization

    This section discusses the significance of real-time data acquisition and...

  31. 9.7
    Specialized Applications Of Laser Scanning In Civil Engineering

    Laser scanning plays a vital role in various specialized applications within...

  32. 9.7.1
    Structural Health Monitoring

    Structural Health Monitoring utilizes laser scanning to achieve...

  33. 9.7.2
    Road And Highway Corridor Mapping

    This section describes the application of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS)...

  34. 9.7.3
    Tunnel And Subway Inspection

    Laser scanning technology is integral for the inspection of tunnels and...

  35. 9.7.4
    Construction Progress Tracking

    Construction progress tracking using laser scanning allows for validation of...

  36. 9.7.5
    Heritage And Archaeological Documentation

    Laser scanning technology is essential for documenting and preserving...

  37. 9.8
    Data Fusion And Integration

    The integration of laser scanning with other geospatial technologies...

  38. 9.8.1
    Lidar + Photogrammetry

    This section explores the integration of LiDAR technology and...

  39. 9.8.2
    Lidar + Gnss + Imu

    This section explores the integration of LiDAR, GNSS, and IMU technologies,...

  40. 9.8.3
    Integration With Bim And Gis

    This section discusses the integration of Building Information Modeling...

  41. 9.9
    Legal, Ethical, And Regulatory Considerations

    This section addresses the critical legal, ethical, and regulatory issues...

  42. 9.9.1
    Data Privacy And Surveillance

    This section discusses the implications of laser scanning technology on data...

  43. 9.9.2
    Airspace Regulations For Als And Uavs

    This section discusses the airspace regulations that govern Airborne Laser...

  44. 9.9.3
    Data Ownership And Licensing

    This section discusses the importance of defining data ownership and...

  45. 9.10
    Standards And Accuracy Specifications

    This section outlines the standards and accuracy specifications for laser...

  46. 9.10.1
    Asprs Las Format

    The ASPRS LAS format is a standardized structure used for storing and...

  47. 9.10.2
    Iso And Astm Standards

    This section discusses the ISO and ASTM standards relevant to laser...

  48. 9.10.3
    Accuracy Classes

    Accuracy classes categorize laser scanning outputs based on the methods,...

  49. 9.11
    Future Prospects In Laser Scanning

    This section discusses the future advancements in laser scanning technology,...

  50. 9.11.1
    Lidar-On-A-Chip

    LiDAR-on-a-Chip refers to the miniaturization of LiDAR sensors, facilitating...

  51. 9.11.2
    Ai-Powered Point Cloud Analytics

    This section focuses on the application of AI in analyzing point cloud data...

  52. 9.11.3
    Cloud-Based Lidar Platforms

    Cloud-based LiDAR platforms provide remote data access and visualization...

  53. 9.11.4
    Digital Twin Integration

    Digital Twin Integration allows for the creation of real-time digital...

What we have learnt

  • Laser scanning consists of techniques for acquiring spatial data using laser pulses to create 3D point clouds.
  • Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) is effective for large-area topographic mapping, while Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) is suited for detailed ground surveys and structural monitoring.
  • Data processing of point clouds enables the generation of various outputs, including digital elevation models and 3D city models.

Key Concepts

-- LiDAR
Light Detection and Ranging; a method for capturing spatial data by sending laser pulses and measuring their return time.
-- Point Cloud
A set of data points generated by laser scanners that represent the external surface of objects.
-- GNSS
Global Navigation Satellite System, used to provide precise positioning data for laser scanning systems.
-- IMU
Inertial Measurement Unit, a device that measures the orientation and motion of the scanning platform.

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