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Computer Organisation and Architecture - Vol 2
Explore and master the fundamentals of Computer Organisation and Architecture - Vol 2
You've not yet enrolled in this course. Please enroll for free to listen to audio lessons, classroom podcasts and take practice test.Chapter 1
Flags and Conditional Instructions
The chapter explores flags and conditional instructions within the context of computer architecture, focusing on how conditions influence instruction execution. It discusses the role of flags in decision-making and instruction branching, detailing the differences between conditional and unconditional instructions. Understanding these concepts is fundamental for controlling the flow of programs and implementing effective algorithms.
Chapter 2
Signed Arithmetic and Overflow
The chapter delves into signed arithmetic and control instructions, particularly focusing on flag behavior in digital design. Key concepts such as overflow, carry, and zero flags are discussed in relation to various arithmetic operations. The chapter outlines important control instructions and provides examples demonstrating the implications of different flag settings in both signed and unsigned arithmetic contexts.
Chapter 3
Understanding Overflow in Signed and Unsigned Arithmetic
The chapter delves into the intricacies of signed and unsigned arithmetic and how various flags, such as the overflow, carry, and parity flags, are set or reset during computations. It explains how these flags relate to the validity of the arithmetic result based on the signed or unsigned nature of the operands. Comprehensive examples illustrate situations where overflow occurs and the implications when adding numbers of different signs and magnitudes.
Chapter 4
Instruction: Procedure CALL/RETURN
The chapter elaborates on the procedures in computer programming, focusing on the mechanics of calling and returning from procedures in a modular programming context. It discusses the roles of the stack, program counter, and program status word in managing the call context, particularly during nested procedure calls. Key concepts such as unconditional jumps and the importance of saving context in the stack are emphasized for understanding procedure manipulation in CPU architecture.
Chapter 5
Procedure Call Overview
This chapter explores the basic organization and architecture of a CPU, with a focus on how procedure calls are implemented. It examines the role of the stack pointer, the mechanics of saving context before a procedure call, and the procedure for returning to the main program. Detailed illustrations of stack operations during nested procedure calls enhance the understanding of CPU operations regarding memory management.
Chapter 6
Control Unit
The chapter explores the intricacies of the control unit in computer organization, focusing on the execution of instructions through instruction cycles and micro-operations. It addresses the generation of control signals and their impact on the effective execution of code within various architectures, such as single, double, and triple bus systems. The text delves into both hardwired and micro-programmed controls, providing insights into their design and implementation to optimize computing operations.
Chapter 7
Overview of the Module
The chapter explores the concept of instruction cycles, focused on macro and micro instructions within computer architecture. It elucidates the processes involved in executing machine instructions, emphasizing the necessity of breaking down complex operations into simpler, executable micro instructions. Furthermore, the situation in which micro instructions can be optimized through clock grouping is discussed, showcasing the efficiency in handling instruction execution.
Chapter 8
Fetch Stage
The chapter discusses the concept of microinstructions and their role in the instruction execution cycle. It highlights the importance of proper sequencing in the execution of microinstructions to prevent conflicts and optimize performance. Additionally, it explains clock grouping as a method to minimize execution time by merging non-dependent microinstructions.
Chapter 9
Prof. Jatindra Kr. Deka
The chapter delves into control signals and timing sequences in microinstruction processing within a CPU. It explores the role of the control unit in generating commands for data transfer and arithmetic operations, utilizing inputs from instruction registers, flags, and control buses for effective synchronization and instruction execution. Key topics include the internal and external control signals, timing diagram representation, and the significance of synchronization in microoperations.
Chapter 10
Basic Architecture for a Single Unit Bus
The chapter explores the architecture of a single unit bus system within a CPU, detailing how data flows between registers, the ALU, and memory using control signals. It emphasizes the importance of synchronization and control units in managing data transfers and preventing contention on the bus. Furthermore, it illustrates the significance of read and write signals for effective communication between the CPU components and memory.
Chapter 11
Introduction to Memory Operations
The chapter provides an in-depth exploration of the functionality of memory data registers and their role in data transfer between memory and CPU registers. It highlights the processes involved in reading from and writing to memory, as well as the control signals that govern these operations. Key examples illustrate the use of microinstructions for executing basic operations in a computer system, emphasizing the synchronization of signals during these processes.
Chapter 12
Computer Organization and Architecture: A Pedagogical Aspect
The chapter explores control signals integral to complete instruction execution within a single bus architecture. It delves into the generation of control signals during instruction fetch, decode, and execute cycles, emphasizing how these signals vary based on instruction types and addressing modes. The unit also covers a detailed examination of key components involved in instruction processing, including registers, the ALU, and the memory architecture.
Chapter 13
Instruction Fetch and Execution
The chapter explores instruction execution in a computer architecture context, detailing the process from instruction fetching to execution. It outlines the stages involved in both memory and register-based instructions, emphasizing the flow of data through various registers and control signals. The complexities of control signals and how they facilitate different arithmetic operations are also discussed, leading to a better understanding of CPU architecture and operation.
Chapter 14
Handling Different Addressing Modes
The chapter focuses on handling various addressing modes in computer architecture and the corresponding control signals required for instruction execution. It details the operational sequences involved in immediate, direct, and indirect addressing modes, emphasizing the differing microinstructions and control signals for each type. Understanding these modes is crucial for efficient processor instruction handling and control design.
Chapter 15
Indirect Mode
The chapter discusses various addressing modes in computer architecture, focusing on their mechanisms and processes for executing instructions. Key modes such as immediate, direct, indirect, and register indirect are explained, illustrating the control stages involved in loading operands. The comparative efficiency of these modes is highlighted, particularly the differences in the number of steps required for data retrieval and instruction execution.
Chapter 16
Handling Control Transfer Instructions
The chapter extensively discusses control transfer instructions essential in computer architecture. It differentiates between conditional and unconditional jumps, outlining how these instructions utilize control signals and microinstructions during execution. The chapter further highlights the steps involved in processing these instructions, emphasizing the importance of storing the current value of the program counter in a temporary register for accurate execution.
Chapter 17
Unconditional Jump Instruction
The chapter discusses the processes involved in executing jump instructions within a computing architecture, including unconditional and conditional jumps. It emphasizes the role of program counter management, memory data registers, and the processing of flags. Additionally, it covers the significance of saving program counter values during function calls and the mechanisms for returning to previous execution contexts.
Chapter 18
Unit Summary
The chapter outlines the design of a hardwired control unit, emphasizing the generation of control signals through a dedicated hardware approach. It contrasts this method with software-based microprogramming while underscoring the importance of finite state machines in this implementation for controlling CPU operations. The unit objectives highlight the ability to design finite state machines based on macro instructions and to associate control signals with corresponding micro instructions.
Chapter 19
Finite State Machine Implementation for ADD R1,M
The chapter covers the operation of hardwired control units in CPUs, focusing on the sequencing of operations and control signals involved in executing macro instructions. It delves into the roles of micro-instructions and the significance of external signals in determining state transitions in finite state machines. Additionally, the importance of optimizing hardware implementation for conditional and unconditional jumps is emphasized.
Chapter 20
Lecture - 21
The chapter delves into microinstructions and microprograms, highlighting the differences between hardwired control and microprogrammed control units. It emphasizes the flexibility of microprogrammed control, which allows for dynamic generation of control signals through memory, contrasting with the fixed nature of hardwired systems. The unit outlines key objectives, explaining essential concepts such as the sequencing and control signal generation in microprogrammed architectures.
Chapter 21
Micro-Programmed Control Unit
The chapter delves into the intricacies of micro-programmed control units, highlighting the significance of sequencing in generating control signals from memory locations. It elaborates on the fetch-execute cycle where instructions are processed through a series of micro instructions, governed by conditional branching based on status flags. The discussion encompasses micro-program memory architecture, addressing the role of the micro-program counter in the execution phases, along with the importance of designing control signals for effective instruction execution.
Chapter 22
Micro-program Control Unit Overview
The chapter delves into the architecture of micro-programmed control units, highlighting the control signals, branching mechanisms, and the micro-program counter's functionality. It emphasizes the design principles between horizontal and vertical micro-program control, exploring their respective advantages and drawbacks. Additionally, the processes of instruction fetching, decoding, and execution are elucidated, establishing a foundational understanding of micro-architecture design.
Chapter 23
Vertical and Horizontal Micro-Programs
The chapter discusses the concepts of vertical and horizontal micro-programming, detailing how each affects memory size and instruction execution speed. It explores encoding control signals, using decoders to manage simultaneous signals in a compressed manner, and introduces hybrid approaches that combine aspects of both vertical and horizontal micro-programming. The use of clusters to optimize control signal management while minimizing delays is also highlighted.
Chapter 24
Organization and Optimization of Microprogrammed controlled Control Unit
This chapter delves into the microprogrammed control unit, emphasizing its structure and operation within computer architecture. It discusses how macro instructions are translated into micro instructions, the importance of efficient microprogramming, and the optimization techniques for control memory. Additionally, the chapter covers the branching mechanisms essential for managing different instruction types effectively.
Chapter 25
Introduction to Micro Programs and Optimization
The chapter focuses on the optimization techniques for microprogramming, highlighting the importance of control signal encoding for efficient CPU operation. It discusses different architectures, including horizontal and vertical microprogramming, and introduces the hybrid approach to enhance performance while minimizing memory waste. The chapter also emphasizes clustering strategies to manage control signals effectively and suggests creating common microinstruction sequences for similar macroinstructions to streamline processing.
Chapter 26
Execution of Macro Instructions
This chapter discusses the execution of macro instructions through micro instructions, focusing on the optimization of micro routines for similar macro instructions. The implementation of control signals for conditional jumps, such as 'jump on zero' and 'jump on carry,' is also explored to highlight the concept of implicit and explicit jumps in a micro program context. The ability to optimize common routines for different types of macro instructions is emphasized throughout.
Chapter 27
Fourth Case: Explicit Jump
This chapter delves into the execution of microprograms, exploring both implicit and explicit jumps within a macro instruction context. It discusses the optimization of control units through encoding and merging common micro routines, thereby enhancing performance and reducing complexity. The interaction between various flags and the resulting jumps are elaborated upon, providing insight into the crucial role of microprogramming in microarchitectures.
Chapter 28
Different Internal CPU Bus Organization
The module addresses different internal CPU bus organizations, focusing on the transition from single bus architectures to multiple bus architectures. It discusses the advantages of parallel processing with multiple buses, efficiency improvements for control and signal paths, and the implications for various CPU registers including the program counter, memory address register, and memory data register. Overall, the content emphasizes a conceptual understanding of how multiple buses can optimize data flow and processing speed in CPU architectures.
Chapter 29
Three Bus Architecture
The chapter explains the architecture and organization of a CPU's internal bus system, comparing single, two, and three bus architectures. It highlights the importance of these architectures in enhancing the efficiency of CPU operations and the role of various components, including the ALU, registers, and control signals. The focus is on how the internal bus configuration affects data processing, instruction execution, and overall system performance.
Chapter 30
Examples of Multiple Bus Architecture
This chapter delves into the advantages and disadvantages of a multiple bus architecture in computer systems, particularly focusing on instruction fetching and data processing. It presents two contrasting cases that illustrate how multiplicity in bus architecture can sometimes simplify the processing stages by reducing the need for temporary registers. Despite these advantages, there are specific scenarios where having additional buses may not significantly decrease operational timelines compared to single bus architecture.
Chapter 31
Memory and Bus Architecture
The chapter provides an in-depth exploration of bus architectures, focusing on the functionality and design of single and multiple bus systems, particularly the three-bus architecture. It discusses the complexities of instruction execution in these architectures, emphasizing the differences in control signals and timing cycles required for various operations. Special attention is given to how different configurations can impact performance and efficiency in instruction processing.