3. PLANT KINGDOM
The chapter provides an overview of the plant kingdom, discussing five major groups: algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Each group is characterized by unique reproductive and structural features, reflecting evolutionary adaptations. The importance of each group to ecological systems and human activities is highlighted, emphasizing the roles of algae in carbon fixation and nutrition, the diverse forms of bryophytes, the vascular elements of pteridophytes, the exposed seeds of gymnosperms, and the enclosed seeds of angiosperms.
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What we have learnt
- Algae are chlorophyll-bearing autotrophic organisms that can reproduce vegetatively, asexually, and sexually.
- Bryophytes are amphibians of the plant kingdom dependent on water for reproduction, featuring differentiated structures but lacking true roots, stems, or leaves.
- Pteridophytes are the first terrestrial plants with vascular tissues, with a dominant sporophyte phase, while gymnosperms produce naked seeds, and angiosperms have seeds enclosed within fruits.
Key Concepts
- -- Algae
- Aquatic, chlorophyll-bearing organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular and reproduce through various methods.
- -- Bryophytes
- A group of plants including mosses and liverworts, which lack true vascular systems and are dependent on water for sexual reproduction.
- -- Pteridophytes
- Vascular plants with a dominant sporophyte stage, including ferns and horsetails, that reproduce via spores.
- -- Gymnosperms
- Naked-seeded plants that do not enclose seeds within an ovary, including conifers and cycads.
- -- Angiosperms
- Flowering plants with seeds enclosed within fruits, divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons.
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