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19. CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION

Chemical coordination and integration in the human body is primarily achieved through hormones produced by various endocrine glands, which regulate metabolic processes, growth, and various physiological functions. Hormones act as intercellular messengers, and their effects are mediated through specific receptors on target cells. The chapter discusses the structure, function, and mechanisms of action for major endocrine glands and their hormones, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, along with their impact on health and disease.

Sections

  • 19

    Chemical Coordination And Integration

    This section covers the role of endocrine glands and hormones in chemical coordination and integration of physiological functions within the human body.

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  • 19.1

    Endocrine Glands And Hormones

    This section discusses the role of endocrine glands and hormones in chemical coordination and regulation within the human body, highlighting key glands and their functions.

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  • 19.2

    Human Endocrine System

    The human endocrine system is composed of various glands that secrete hormones, regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis.

    Learning Practice

  • 19.2.1

    The Hypothalamus

    The hypothalamus is a crucial brain structure that regulates body functions by producing hormones that control the pituitary gland.

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  • 19.2.2

    The Pituitary Gland

    The pituitary gland, divided into anterior and posterior sections, plays a crucial role in hormone production and regulation in the human body.

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  • 19.2.3

    The Pineal Gland

    The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, regulating various biological rhythms including the sleep-wake cycle.

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  • 19.2.4

    Thyroid Gland

    The thyroid gland, located near the trachea, produces crucial hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development, significantly affecting physiological processes in the human body.

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  • 19.2.5

    Parathyroid Gland

    The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium levels in the blood.

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  • 19.2.6

    Thymus

    The thymus is a crucial gland in the immune system, primarily responsible for the differentiation of T-lymphocytes through the secretion of thymosins.

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  • 19.2.7

    Adrenal Gland

    The adrenal glands play a crucial role in hormone production, influencing stress response and metabolism.

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  • 19.2.8

    Pancreas

    The pancreas serves as both an exocrine and endocrine gland, regulating blood glucose levels through its hormones insulin and glucagon.

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  • 19.2.9

    Testis

    The testis functions as a primary male sex organ and as an endocrine gland, producing hormones such as testosterone that regulate male characteristics and reproductive functions.

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  • 19.2.10

    Ovary

    The ovary is a primary female sex organ that produces ova and secretes hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

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  • 19.3

    Hormones Of Heart, Kidney And Gastrointestinal Tract

    This section discusses the hormones produced by specific tissues in the heart, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract, highlighting their roles and functions in the human body.

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  • 19.4

    Mechanism Of Hormone Action

    This section outlines how hormones exert their effects through specific receptors on target cells, leading to biochemical and physiological changes.

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  • 19.5

    Summary

    The section summarizes the structure and function of the endocrine system and its major hormones involved in the regulation of physiological processes in the human body.

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  • 19.6

    Exercises

    This section presents a series of exercises that assess understanding of the endocrine system and its hormones.

    Learning Practice

References

NCERT Study Material

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • Hormones are crucial for ch...
  • The endocrine system is com...
  • Hormonal imbalances can lea...

Final Test

Revision Tests

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