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15. BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION

The chapter discusses the essential role of blood and lymph in transporting nutrients and waste in vertebrates. It describes the composition of blood, including plasma and formed elements, along with the mechanisms of circulation including the functions of the heart and the differences between open and closed circulatory systems. Additionally, it addresses the regulation of cardiac activity and the common disorders of the circulatory system.

Sections

  • 15

    Body Fluids And Circulation

    This section covers the composition of blood and lymph, their functions, and the human circulatory system's structure and mechanisms.

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  • 15.1

    Blood

    Blood is a vital connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed elements, crucial for nutrient transport and waste removal in living organisms.

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  • 15.1.1

    Plasma

    Plasma is the liquid component of blood, accounting for 55% of its composition, which primarily consists of water, proteins, and various solutes.

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  • 15.1.2

    Formed Elements

    Formed elements of blood include erythrocytes, leucocytes, and platelets, each serving essential functions in gas transport, immunity, and blood clotting.

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  • 15.1.3

    Blood Groups

    Blood groups in humans are categorized primarily by the presence of specific antigens on red blood cells, notably the ABO and Rh systems.

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  • 15.1.4

    Coagulation Of Blood

    Coagulation of blood is a critical mechanism that prevents excessive blood loss following injury through a series of biochemical reactions.

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  • 15.2

    Lymph (Tissue Fluid)

    Lymph, also known as tissue fluid, is crucial for nutrient and waste exchange between blood and cells and plays a key role in immune function.

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  • 15.3

    Circulatory Pathways

    Circulatory pathways, including open and closed systems, describe how blood is circulated in different organisms.

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  • 15.3.1

    Human Circulatory System

    The human circulatory system comprises a muscular heart and closed vessels that transport blood throughout the body.

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  • 15.3.2

    Cardiac Cycle

    The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events in which the heart contracts and relaxes to pump blood effectively, comprising both systole and diastole phases.

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  • 15.3.3

    Electrocardiograph (Ecg)

    The Electrocardiograph (ECG) is a vital diagnostic tool that records the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle, providing insight into heart function.

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  • 15.4

    Double Circulation

    Double circulation refers to the distinct pathways of blood flow in the human body, consisting of pulmonary and systemic circuits.

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  • 15.5

    Regulation Of Cardiac Activity

    Regulation of cardiac activity involves intrinsic mechanisms like nodal tissue and external influences through the autonomic nervous system and hormonal signals.

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  • 15.6

    Disorders Of Circulatory System

    This section covers various disorders associated with the circulatory system, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina, and heart failure.

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  • 15.7

    Summary

    This section summarizes the critical aspects of body fluids and circulation, particularly blood and lymph, and the function of the circulatory system.

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  • 15.8

    Exercises

    This section contains a variety of exercises designed to test knowledge about blood components, circulation, and the human circulatory system.

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References

NCERT Study Material

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • Blood is a fluid connective...
  • The composition of blood gr...
  • The circulatory system in v...

Final Test

Revision Tests

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