15. BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION
The chapter discusses the essential role of blood and lymph in transporting nutrients and waste in vertebrates. It describes the composition of blood, including plasma and formed elements, along with the mechanisms of circulation including the functions of the heart and the differences between open and closed circulatory systems. Additionally, it addresses the regulation of cardiac activity and the common disorders of the circulatory system.
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What we have learnt
- Blood is a fluid connective tissue comprising plasma and formed elements that include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
- The composition of blood groups is determined by specific antigens, and the Rh factor's presence or absence is crucial for blood transfusion compatibilities.
- The circulatory system in vertebrates is primarily closed, with double circulation allowing for efficient oxygenation and nutrient delivery throughout the body.
Key Concepts
- -- Plasma
- The liquid component of blood, constituting about 55% of its volume, primarily made of water, electrolytes, and proteins.
- -- Cardiac Cycle
- The sequence of events in one heartbeat, including systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of the heart chambers.
- -- Double Circulation
- A circulatory system in which blood passes through the heart twice within one complete circuit: once for oxygenation in the lungs and once for distribution to the body.
- -- SinoAtrial Node (SAN)
- The heart's natural pacemaker located in the right atrium, responsible for initiating the heart's rhythmic contractions.
- -- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- A graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle, used for diagnosing heart conditions.
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