23. Input-Output Primitives
This chapter addresses the architecture of Input-Output (I/O) modules, emphasizing their crucial role in enabling communication between peripheral devices and the CPU. It reviews the structure, functions, and design methodologies of various I/O operation modes, including programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). The chapter also discusses addressing schemes for I/O devices and the necessity of device controllers to manage these devices effectively.
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What we have learnt
- I/O modules serve as interfaces between the CPU and peripheral devices, facilitating efficient data transfer.
- The design of I/O instructions and addressing schemes are essential for effective I/O operations.
- Understanding the different modes of I/O transfer—programmed, interrupt-driven, and DMA—can greatly affect performance and system design.
Key Concepts
- -- I/O Module
- An interface that connects peripheral devices to the CPU, managing data transfers and communications.
- -- Programmed I/O
- A method of I/O transfer where the CPU is responsible for managing the data transfer process directly.
- -- Interruptdriven I/O
- An I/O transfer method that allows the CPU to be interrupted by devices needing attention, improving efficiency.
- -- DMA (Direct Memory Access)
- A system feature that allows peripherals to transfer data to/from memory without continuous CPU intervention.
- -- Addressing Scheme
- A method used to identify and address various I/O devices connected to the CPU.
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