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1. Measurement of Distances

The chapter focuses on the measurement of distances in surveying, exploring both direct and indirect methods. Direct methods include pacing, the use of passometers and odometers, while indirect methods involve tools like chains and tapes. Additionally, the chapter covers ranging survey lines, the importance of bearings, and various types of magnetic compasses, emphasizing their roles in providing accurate measurements and directions.

Sections

Measurement of Distances

This section discusses the methods of measuring horizontal distances in surveying, including direct and indirect approaches, along with the necessary equipment used in these measurements.

1.13 Section Overview

Start current section content and materials

1.13.1 Measurement of distance by chain or tape

This section discusses methods of measuring distances using chains and tapes, highlighting practices used in both level and sloping terrains.

1.13.2 Ranging of survey lines

Ranging is the process of establishing intermediate points between two stations in a straight line to facilitate accurate distance measurements in surveying.

Measurement of Bearings

This section covers the concept of bearings in surveying, including types of meridians and how bearings are measured.

1.14 Section Overview

Start current section content and materials

1.14.1 Types of bearings

This section outlines the various types of bearings used in surveying and their significance in determining directions.

1.14.2 Magnetic compasses

This section discusses various types of magnetic compasses used in surveying, focusing on their functions and mechanisms.

1.14.2.1 Prismatic Compass

The prismatic compass is an important tool in surveying, allowing for accurate bearing measurements using a magnetic needle.

1.14.3 Fore bearing and back bearing

This section explains the concepts of fore bearing and back bearing in surveying, detailing their definitions and significance in accurately measuring traverse lines.

1.14.4 Magnetic declination

Magnetic declination refers to the angle between the magnetic meridian and true meridian at a given location, varying over time and space.

1.14.5 Local attraction

Local attraction refers to the interference caused by nearby metallic objects that affect the accuracy of magnetic compass readings.

1.14.6 Computation of Included Angles from Bearings

This section explains how to compute the included angles between survey lines using bearings.

Learning Objectives

  • Horizontal distance measurement is critical in surveying.

  • Different tools and methods are utilized for measuring distances with varying accuracy.

  • Ranging methods and magnetic bearings play significant roles in survey line establishment.

Key Concepts

Direct Methods

Methods that physically measure distance straight between two points, such as pacing or using measuring devices.

Indirect Methods

Techniques used when direct measurement is impractical, relying on additional calculations or tools like tapes and chains.

Bearing

The direction of a survey line relative to a reference meridian, expressed in degrees.

Ranging

A process to ensure measurements are taken in a straight line, which can be either direct or indirect depending on visibility.

Practice Exercises

Total Questions

2

Estimated Time

4 min

Passing Score

70%

Instructions

  • Read each question carefully
  • You can use hints if you need help
  • Complete all questions before submitting

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