Surveying and Geomatics | 1. Measurement of Levels by Abraham | Learn Smarter
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Knowledge
1. Measurement of Levels

Levelling is a vital component of surveying that focuses on determining heights and elevations of points on the Earth's surface. Critical technical terms are defined to aid understanding, including concepts like Mean Sea Level, Bench Mark, and Height of Instrument. Various levelling instruments and methods are discussed, along with types of errors that can occur in measurements, emphasizing the need for precision in engineering projects.

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Sections

  • 1.15

    Measurement Of Levels

    Levelling is essential in surveying for establishing elevations of points on Earth's surface, crucial for construction and engineering projects.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.1

    Technical Terms Used In Levelling

    This section provides an overview of critical technical terms used in levelling, essential for understanding measurements in surveying.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.2

    Levelling Staff

    Levelling staff is an essential tool used in surveying to measure the elevation of points.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.3

    Levels

    Levels are essential surveying instruments used to measure and establish elevations for engineering projects and construction.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.3.a

    Dumpy Level

    The Dumpy level is a surveying instrument crucial for establishing horizontal lines of sight to determine elevations.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.3.b

    Tilting Level

    A tilting level is an essential surveying instrument that allows for precise measurement of elevations by enabling the telescopic tube to tilt for easier observations.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.3.c

    Engineer’s Level

    The Engineer's level is a compact and lightweight surveying instrument designed for efficient and accurate elevation measurements.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.3.d

    Auto Level

    Auto levels are professional levelling instruments utilized for precise elevation measurements in construction and surveying.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.3.e

    Digital Level

    Digital levels are advanced surveying instruments that utilize electronic systems to measure elevations accurately.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.3.f

    Laser Level

    Laser levels are advanced surveying instruments that use laser beams to measure and establish elevations with high accuracy.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.4

    Temporary Adjustment Of Level

    Temporary adjustment of a level is a crucial pre-measurement step that involves setting up a tripod, leveling the instrument, and focusing the telescope.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.4.a

    Setting

    The section focuses on the critical processes involved in setting a leveling instrument for accurate elevation measurement.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.4.b

    Leveling

    Leveling is crucial in surveying for determining elevations of points, requiring a known datum point for accurate calculations.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.4.c

    Focusing

    This section outlines the importance of focusing on leveling instruments during temporary adjustments before taking measurements.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.5

    Reduction Of Levels

    This section covers the processes for reducing observed staff readings to find the reduced levels (RLs) of points, focusing on two primary methods: the Rise and Fall method and the Height of Instrument method.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.5.a

    Rise And Fall Method

    The Rise and Fall method is a technique used in leveling to determine the elevation of points on uneven terrain by analyzing staff readings.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.5.b

    Height Of Instrument Method

    The Height of Instrument (HI) method simplifies the process of determining point elevations by utilizing the known elevation of a benchmark.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.6

    Types Of Direct Levelling

    This section outlines different types of direct levelling techniques used in surveying to measure elevation differences.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.6.a

    Simple Levelling

    Simple levelling is a method for determining the difference in elevation between two closely situated points using readings taken with a levelling instrument.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.6.b

    Differential Levelling

    This section delves into differential levelling, a surveying technique used to find the elevation difference between two distant points using multiple instrument setups.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.6.c

    Fly Levelling

    Fly levelling connects a survey site to a benchmark for elevation determination, employing differential levelling methods.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.6.d

    Profile And Cross Section Levelling

    Profile and cross-section levelling are crucial methods used in surveying to assess the ground's elevation along specific alignments, particularly in engineering projects.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.6.e

    Reciprocal Levelling

    Reciprocal levelling is a surveying technique used to accurately measure the height difference between two distant points while eliminating potential measurement errors.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.7

    Different Types Of Errors

    This section discusses various types of errors that may occur in surveying, including instrumental, personal, and natural errors.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.7.a

    Instrumental Errors

    Instrumental errors during levelling can significantly affect measurement accuracy and are caused by various factors, including equipment defects and adjustment issues.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.7.b

    Personal Errors

    This section discusses personal errors that can occur during levelling operations in surveying.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.15.7.c

    Error Due To Natural Causes

    This section discusses errors in surveying caused by natural phenomena such as the Earth's curvature, wind, sunlight, and temperature variations.

    Learning Practice

References

1d.pdf

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • Levelling is essential for ...
  • A range of levelling instru...
  • Understanding various error...

Final Test

Revision Tests