2. Exercises for Practice - Surveying and Geomatics
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2. Exercises for Practice

2. Exercises for Practice

The chapter covers the different types of curves in road design, including simple circular, compound, and reverse curves. It delves into the features, applications, and importance of transition curves, super-elevation, and grade changes in vertical curves. Various exercises challenge students to apply theoretical concepts to practical scenarios, enhancing comprehension of curve design in civil engineering.

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  1. 2
    Exercises For Practice
    Learn Practice

    This section focuses on practice exercises related to circular and vertical...

  2. 2.1
    Short Questions
    Learn Practice

    This section encompasses a series of short questions focusing on critical...

  3. 2.29
    Show The Various Elements Of A Simple Circular Curve On A Neatly Drawn Sketch.
    Learn Practice

    This section explores the elements of a simple circular curve and emphasizes...

  4. 2.30
    Explain The Following Terms For A Simple Circular Curve: (I) Back And Forward Tangents, (Ii) Point Of Intersection, Curve And Tangency, (Iii) Deflection Angle To Any Point, And (Iv) Degree Of Curve
    Learn Practice

    This section explains key elements of a simple circular curve such as back...

  5. 2.31
    Show The Various Elements Of A Compound Curve.
    Learn Practice

    This section outlines the key elements involved in a compound curve used in...

  6. 2.32
    Draw A Neat Sketch Of A Reverse Curve Provided To Join Two Parallel Straights.
    Learn Practice

    This section emphasizes the importance and method of sketching a reverse...

  7. 2.33
    Draw The Neat Sketches To Differentiate Between Simple, Compound And Reverse Curves.
    Learn Practice

    This section focuses on understanding the differences between simple,...

  8. 2.34
    List The Requirements To Be Satisfied In Setting Out A Transition Curve.
    Learn Practice

    The section outlines the essential requirements for setting out a transition...

  9. 2.35
    What Is A Transition Curve And Where Is It Used? What Are Its Advantages?
    Learn Practice

    A transition curve is a gradual change from a straight to a curved path,...

  10. 2.36
    What Is The Need Of Super-Elevation And How It Is Determined?
    Learn Practice

    Super-elevation is essential in road engineering to counterbalance the...

  11. 2.37
    Give Any Five General Requirements Of A Transition Curve.
    Learn Practice

    This section outlines the five general requirements of a transition curve in...

  12. 2.38
    State The Conditions To Be Fulfilled By A Transition Curve Introduced Between The Tangent And Circular Curve.
    Learn Practice

    This section outlines the critical conditions necessary for the effective...

  13. 2.39
    What Are Different Types Of Vertical Curves? What Is The Use Of Having A Vertical Curve As Parabola And Not A Circle?
    Learn Practice

    This section discusses the various types of vertical curves used in road...

  14. 2.40
    Why Are Parabolic Curves Not Generally Used For Horizontal Highway Curves?
    Learn Practice

    Parabolic curves are not commonly used for horizontal highway curves due to...

  15. 2.41
    What Is Meant By Rate Of Change Of Grade On Vertical Curves And Why It Is Important?
    Learn Practice

    The rate of change of grade on vertical curves refers to how quickly the...

  16. 2.42
    Explain Why The Second Differences Of Curve Elevations Are Equal For A Parabolic Curve.
    Learn Practice

    This section explains the equality of the second differences of curve...

  17. 2.2
    Long Answers
    Learn Practice

    This section covers various exercises related to circular and vertical...

  18. 2.43
    Derive The Formulae To Calculate Various Elements To Set Out A Simple Circular Curve.
    Learn Practice

    This section focuses on deriving the formulae used to calculate various...

  19. 2.44
    Establish The Formulae To Calculate Various Elements To Set Out The Compound Curve.
    Learn Practice

    This section focuses on deriving the relevant formulae needed to effectively...

  20. 2.45
    Derive The Relationship Between The Several Elements Of The Reverse Curve.
    Learn Practice

    This section focuses on understanding the relationships among various...

  21. 2.46
    Discuss Various Types Of Transition Curves. Derive An Expression For The Super-Elevation To Be Provided In A Transition Curve.
    Learn Practice

    The section discusses different types of transition curves and derives the...

  22. 2.3
    Unsolved Numerical Problems
    Learn Practice

    This section presents a variety of unsolved numerical problems that...

  23. 2.47
    A 4.56° Circular Curve Is To Be Designed To Fit Between Two Intersecting Straights. What Is The Radius Of This Curve? (Ans:1256.49 M)
    Learn Practice

    This section covers the calculation of the radius of a circular curve based...

  24. 2.48
    It Was Found, While Setting A Simple Circular Curve Using Offsets From The Tangents, That For X =16 M, And Y = 0.28 M. Find The Radius Of The Curve. (Ans: R = 457.28 M)
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  25. 2.49
    A Right Hand Simple Circular Curve Connects Two Straights Ai And Ib Where A And B Are The Tangent Points. The Azimuth Of Each Straight Is 50° 43' 12" And 88° 22' 14", Respectively. The Curve Passes Through Point C Of Coordinates (321.25, 178.1) M. If The Coordinates Of A Are (240.40, 125.90) M, Compute The Radius Of Curve And Degree Of Curve.
    Learn Practice

    This section details the computation of the radius and degree of a simple...

  26. 2.50
    There Are Two Tangents Xi And Iy For A Railroad Circular Curve Where X And Y Are The Tangent Points Having Coordinates (240.4e, 125.9n) And (253.8e, 218.65n), Respectively, And The Coordinates Of The Mid-Point On The Curve Is (60.13e, 195.89n). Compute The Radius Of Curve, The Deflection Angle, And The Length Of The Curve.
    Learn Practice
  27. 2.51
    Two Straights Intersect At A Chainage Of 2500 M With An Angle Of Deflection As 40°. The Straights Are To Be Connected By A Simple Circular Curve...
    Learn Practice

    This section focuses on the calculations involved in setting out a simple...

  28. 2.52
    A Right Hand Circular Curve Connects Two Straights Ab And Bc Intersected At Point B Which Has A Chainage Of 2000 M...
    Learn Practice
  29. 2.53
    A Straight Bc Deflects 24° Right From A Straight Ab Which Are To Be Joined By A Circular Curve Passing Through A Point P...
    Learn Practice

    This section focuses on calculating various curve parameters linking two...

  30. 2.54
    Two Straights, Which Deflect Through An Angle Of 60°, Are To Be Connected By A Circular Curve Of Radius 80 M...
    Learn Practice

    This section discusses the calculation and setting out of a circular curve...

  31. 2.55
    Two Straights, Which Meet At An Intersection Angle Of 135°, Are To Be Connected By A Circular Curve Of Radius 60 M...
    Learn Practice

    This section discusses the construction of circular curves connecting two...

  32. 2.56
    Two Straights Intersect Making A Deflection Angle Of 59°00'24"...
    Learn Practice
  33. 2.57
    A Circular Curve Of Radius 900 M Is To Be Constructed Between Two Straights Of A Proposed Highway...
    Learn Practice

    This section covers the fundamental elements and calculations required to...

  34. 2.58
    The Bearings Of Three Successive Intersecting Straights Ab, Bc And Cd Along The Centre Line Of A Proposed Highway...
    Learn Practice

    This section explores the concepts of bearings and the calculations...

  35. 2.59
    A Circular Curve Has To Pass Through A Point P Which Is 70.23 M From I, The Intersection Point...
    Learn Practice

    This section discusses the design and calculation of circular curves in the...

  36. 2.60
    A Reverse Curve Is To Start At A Point A And End At C With A Change Of Curvature At B...
    Learn Practice

    This section explores reverse curves, illustrating their characteristics and...

  37. 2.61
    A Circular Curve Of 1800 M Radius Leaves A Straight At Through Chainage 2468 M...
    Learn Practice

    This section focuses on calculating chainages and offsets for various...

  38. 2.62
    A Composite Curve Consisting Of Two Equal Length Transition Curves And A Central Circular Arc...
    Learn Practice

    This section discusses the design and data requirements for a composite...

  39. 2.63
    A Composite Curve Consisting Of Entry And Exit Transition Curves Of Equal Length And A Central Circular Arc...
    Learn Practice

    This section describes how to design a composite curve using entry and exit...

  40. 2.64
    A Road 7.30 M Wide Deflects Through An Angle Of 18°47'26"...
    Learn Practice
  41. 2.65
    A Wholly Transitional Curve Having Equal Tangent Lengths Is To Be Designed To Connect Two Intersecting Straights...
    Learn Practice
  42. 2.66
    A 10 M Wide Road Is To Be Deflected Through An Angle Of 35°30'.
    Learn Practice

    This section focuses on calculating the length of transition curves and the...

  43. 2.67
    A Circular Curve Of 610 M Radius Deflects Through An Angle Of 40°30'...
    Learn Practice

    This section focuses on the calculations required to adjust a circular...

  44. 2.68
    The Centre-Line Of A New Road Is To Be Set Out Through Built-Up Area...
    Learn Practice

    This section focuses on setting out the centerline of a new road,...

  45. 2.69
    A Parabolic Vertical Curve Is To Connect A +3.1% Gradient To A –2.3% Gradient...
    Learn Practice

    This section focuses on designing a parabolic vertical curve between two...

  46. 2.70
    A Parabolic Vertical Curve Is To Connect A –2.2% Gradient To A +1.9% Gradient...
    Learn Practice

    This section focuses on calculating the necessary length of a parabolic...

  47. 2.71
    A Road Having An Up-Gradient Of 1 In 15 Is To Be Connected To A Down-Gradient Of 1 In 20...
    Learn Practice

    This section covers the design and analytical process involved in creating a...

  48. 2.72
    A Vertical Parabolic Sag Curve Is To Be Designed To Connect A Down-Gradient Of 1 In 20 With An Up-Gradient Of 1 In 15...
    Learn Practice
  49. 2.73
    A Proposed Road Consists Of A Rising Gradient Of 2% Followed By A Falling Gradient Of 4%...
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    This section discusses the design elements involved in creating a road with...

  50. 3
    References And Suggested Readings
    Learn Practice

    This section lists essential references and suggested readings related to...

  51. 3.1
    Agor, R., (1980), Surveying, Vol-1 And Ii, Khanna Publishers, Delhi.
    Learn Practice

    This section focuses on various elements and concepts related to curves in...

  52. 3.2
    Anderson, James M., And Mikhail, Edward M., (2012), Surveying: Theory And Practice Tata Mcgraw Hill (Indian Edition).
    Learn Practice
  53. 3.3
    Arora, K. R., (2015), Surveying Vol. I & Ii, Standard Book House.
    Learn Practice
  54. 3.4
    Basak, N.n., (2017), Surveying And Levelling, Tata Mcgraw Hill.
    Learn Practice
  55. 3.5
    Chandra, A.m., (2005), Plane Surveying, New Age International Publishers.
    Learn Practice

    This section covers exercises and practice problems related to plane...

  56. 3.6
    Duggal, S.k., (2017), Surveying, Vol. I & Ii, Tatamc-Graw Hill.
    Learn Practice
  57. 3.7
    Gopi, Satheesh; Sathikumar, R., And Madhu, N. (2017), Advanced Surveying, Pearson India.
    Learn Practice
  58. 3.8
    Kanetkar, T.p. And Kulkarni, S.v., (2006), Surveying And Levelling, Vol. I And Ii, Vidyarthi Griha Prakashan, Pune.
    Learn Practice
  59. 3.9
    Punmia, B.c., Jain, Ashok K., Jain, And Arun K., (2016), Surveying, Vol. I & Ii, Laxmi Publications.
    Learn Practice
  60. 3.10
    Subramanian, R., (2012), Surveying And Levelling, Oxford University Press.
    Learn Practice

    This section provides practical exercises related to surveying concepts such...

  61. 3.11
    Venkatramaiah, C., (2011), Textbook Of Surveying, University Press.
    Learn Practice
  62. 3.12
    Uren, John And Price, Bill, (1994), Surveying For Engineers, Palgrave Macmillan.
    Learn Practice

What we have learnt

  • Curves play a crucial role in road design, influencing safety and vehicle dynamics.
  • Understanding transition curves is essential for smooth shifts from straight paths to circular arcs.
  • Super-elevation helps counteract centrifugal forces acting on vehicles in curves.

Key Concepts

-- Simple Circular Curve
A basic curve defined by its radius, connecting two tangents.
-- Transition Curve
A spiral curve used to gradually introduce curvature, connecting straights to circular curves.
-- Superelevation
The banking of the road at a curve, designed to help counterbalance the centrifugal force acting on vehicles.
-- Vertical Curve
A smooth transition between two gradients on a road, either crest or sag, designed for visibility and comfort.

Additional Learning Materials

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Study Material

2e.pdf