25.3.3. Combined Efficiency of Systems

Try these first

1. 1.

   What does the hydraulic gradient line indicate in an open channel?

   Hint

   Think about where the pressure head is.

2. 2.

   How does a pump increase energy in a fluid system?

   Hint

   Consider the function of a central heating system.

3. 3.

   What is the primary function of a pump in fluid systems?

   • To decrease pressure
   • To increase pressure
   • To maintain pressure

   Hint

   Remember what happens when you use a bicycle pump.

4. 4.

   True or False: The hydraulic gradient line maintains the same level in both open channel flow and pipe flow.

   • True
   • False

   Hint

   Think of the differences in pressure effects.

5. 5.

   A pipeline has a hydraulic gradient rise of 20 mm. Calculate the expected discharge rate if the pipeline's diameter increases from 100 mm to 300 mm.

   Hint

   Pay attention to separations in the diameter and losses involved.

6. 6.

   In an open channel, the water surface is observed to decline by 5 meters due to energy losses. What could be the factors affecting these losses?

   Hint

   Think of the physical characteristics of the channel.