10. Forward and Inverse Kinematics - Robotics and Automation - Vol 1
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10. Forward and Inverse Kinematics

10. Forward and Inverse Kinematics

Kinematics is pivotal in robotics for understanding and controlling the position and orientation of a robot's end-effector. It encompasses forward kinematics, which calculates end-effector position from joint parameters, and inverse kinematics, which determines joint parameters for a desired end-effector pose. Essential concepts include degrees of freedom, kinematic chains, and various methods for solving kinematic problems including both analytical and numerical techniques.

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  1. 10
    Forward And Inverse Kinematics

    This section covers the foundational concepts of forward and inverse...

  2. 10.1
    Basic Concepts Of Kinematics

    This section introduces the fundamental concepts of kinematics essential for...

  3. 10.1.1
    Degrees Of Freedom (Dof)

    Degrees of Freedom (DOF) refers to the number of independent joint variables...

  4. 10.1.2
    Kinematic Chains

    Kinematic chains are interconnected rigid bodies and joints forming...

  5. 10.1.3
    Types Of Joints

    This section covers the fundamental types of joints in robotic systems,...

  6. 10.1.3.1
    Revolute (Rotational)

    This section introduces revolute (rotational) joints, a fundamental...

  7. 10.1.3.2
    Prismatic (Translational)

    This section covers the concept of prismatic (translational) joints in...

  8. 10.1.4
    Kinematic Parameters

    Kinematic parameters are essential for determining the movement and...

  9. 10.1.4.1
    Joint Angles (Θ) For Revolute Joints

    The section details the significance of joint angles (θ) in revolute joints...

  10. 10.1.4.2
    Joint Displacements (D) For Prismatic Joints

    This section discusses joint displacements (d) in the context of prismatic...

  11. 10.2
    Forward Kinematics

    Forward Kinematics (FK) calculates the end-effector's position and...

  12. 10.2.1
    Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) Parameters

    The Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) parameters provide a standard framework for...

  13. 10.2.1.1
    Θ (Theta): Joint Angle

    The section discusses the significance of the joint angle (θ) in the context...

  14. 10.2.1.2
    D: Link Offset

    The link offset (d) is a crucial Denavit-Hartenberg parameter that...

  15. 10.2.1.3
    A: Link Length
  16. 10.2.1.4
    Α (Alpha): Link Twist

    This section covers the concept of link twist in relation to the...

  17. 10.2.2
    Transformation Matrix

    The transformation matrix in robotics allows for the representation of joint...

  18. 10.2.3
    Chain Multiplication

    Chain multiplication refers to the process of obtaining the overall...

  19. 10.3
    Inverse Kinematics

    Inverse Kinematics (IK) determines the required joint parameters to achieve...

  20. 10.3.1
    The Ik Problem

    The IK Problem revolves around determining the necessary joint parameters to...

  21. 10.3.2
    Types Of Solutions

    This section elaborates on the two main types of solutions for the inverse...

  22. 10.3.2.1
    Analytical Solution

    The Analytical Solution in Inverse Kinematics provides closed-form...

  23. 10.3.2.2
    Numerical Solution

    The numerical solution to Inverse Kinematics (IK) employs iterative methods...

  24. 10.3.3
    Multiple Solutions

    This section discusses the nature of multiple solutions in inverse...

  25. 10.3.4
    Constraints In Ik

    This section discusses the constraints encountered in Inverse Kinematics...

  26. 10.4
    Jacobian Matrix In Kinematics

    The Jacobian matrix relates joint velocities to end-effector velocities,...

  27. 10.4.1
    Jacobian And Singularities

    The Jacobian matrix relates joint velocities to end-effector velocities, but...

  28. 10.5
    Kinematics Of Common Manipulators

    This section explores the kinematic principles governing various common...

  29. 10.5.1
    2-Dof Planar Robot Arm

    This section introduces the 2-DOF planar robot arm and its significance in...

  30. 10.5.2
    3-Dof Scara Robot

    The 3-DOF SCARA robot integrates both revolute and prismatic joints, aiding...

  31. 10.5.3
    6-Dof Industrial Manipulator

    This section discusses the role of 6-DOF industrial manipulators in various...

  32. 10.6
    Applications In Civil Engineering Robotics

    This section explores various applications of robotics in civil engineering,...

  33. 10.7
    Numerical Methods For Solving Inverse Kinematics

    This section discusses numerical methods used to solve inverse kinematics...

  34. 10.7.1
    Iterative Methods

    Iterative methods are essential numerical techniques used to solve inverse...

  35. 10.7.1.1
    Newton-Raphson Method

    The Newton-Raphson Method is an iterative numerical technique used to solve...

  36. 10.7.1.2
    Gradient Descent Method

    The Gradient Descent Method is an iterative numerical technique used for...

  37. 10.7.1.3
    Damped Least Squares (Levenberg–marquardt Algorithm)

    The Damped Least Squares method is a numerical technique that balances speed...

  38. 10.7.2
    Pseudo-Inverse Jacobian Approach

    The Pseudo-Inverse Jacobian Approach addresses the challenge of calculating...

  39. 10.8
    Kinematic Redundancy And Optimization

    This section explains kinematic redundancy in robotic manipulators and...

  40. 10.8.1
    Advantages Of Redundancy

    Kinematic redundancy in robotic manipulators provides advantages such as...

  41. 10.8.2
    Optimization Criteria

    Optimization criteria help robotics systems enhance flexibility and...

  42. 10.9
    Workspace Analysis

    Workspace analysis determines the areas robots can effectively operate,...

  43. 10.9.1
    Types Of Workspace

    This section discusses the various types of workspaces in robotics, which...

  44. 10.9.2
    Workspace Determination

    Workspace determination involves the methods and factors affecting how far...

  45. 10.10
    Trajectory Planning In Joint And Cartesian Space

    Trajectory planning ensures smooth and precise robot motion between points...

  46. 10.10.1
    Joint Space Trajectory

    This section discusses how joint space trajectories are planned based on...

  47. 10.10.2
    Cartesian Space Trajectory

    This section covers Cartesian space trajectory planning, focusing on the...

  48. 10.11
    Simulation And Kinematic Modeling Tools

    This section discusses the significance of simulation and kinematic modeling...

  49. 10.11.1
    Matlab Robotics Toolbox

    The MATLAB Robotics Toolbox provides essential functions for simulating and...

  50. 10.11.2
    Ros (Robot Operating System)

    ROS is a framework that facilitates real-time control, motion planning, and...

  51. 10.11.3
    Gazebo And V-Rep (Coppeliasim)

    This section discusses Gazebo and V-REP (now known as CoppeliaSim) as...

  52. 10.12
    Real-World Integration And Civil Engineering Use Cases

    This section discusses the application of kinematics in robotics specific to...

  53. 10.12.1
    Rebar Tying Robots

    Rebar tying robots use kinematics to determine the position and orientation...

  54. 10.12.2
    Robotic Total Stations

    Robotic Total Stations enhance surveying precision and efficiency through...

  55. 10.12.3
    Tunneling And Mining Robots

    This section discusses tunneling and mining robots, emphasizing their role...

  56. 10.12.4
    Climbing Inspection Robots

    This section discusses climbing inspection robots, focusing on how inverse...

What we have learnt

  • Kinematics includes both forward and inverse problems that are crucial for robot movement.
  • Denavit-Hartenberg parameters are key for simplifying transformations in robotic simulations.
  • The Jacobian matrix relates joint velocities to end-effector velocities and is critical for understanding motion in robotic systems.

Key Concepts

-- Forward Kinematics (FK)
Determines the position and orientation of the end-effector given the joint parameters.
-- Inverse Kinematics (IK)
Calculates the joint parameters required to achieve a desired position and orientation of the end-effector.
-- Jacobian Matrix
A matrix that relates joint velocities to the end-effector linear and angular velocities.
-- DenavitHartenberg Parameters
A standardized method to assign coordinate frames to robotic links to simplify transformation calculations.
-- Kinematic Redundancy
A condition where a manipulator has more degrees of freedom than needed, allowing for greater flexibility.

Additional Learning Materials

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